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Aposymbiosis
Aposymbiosis occurs when symbiotic organisms live apart from one another (for example, a clownfish living independently of a sea anemone). Studies have shown that the lifecycles of both the host and the symbiont are affected in some way, usually negative, and that for obligate symbiosis the effects can be drastic.A. E. Douglas, Requirement of pea aphids (''Acyrthosiphon pisum'') for their symbiotic bacteria, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata (Historical Archive), Volume 65, Issue 2, Nov 1992, Pages 195–198 Aposymbiosis is distinct from exsymbiosis, which occurs when organisms are recently separated from a symbiotic association. Because symbionts can be vertically transmitted from parent to offspring or horizontally transmitted from the environment, the presence of an aposymbiotic state suggests that transmission of the symbiont is horizontal. A classical example of a symbiotic relationship with an aposymbiotic state is the Hawaiian bobtail squid '' Euprymna scolopes'' an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Vertical Transmission (symbiont)
Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring. Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role. A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission. Fitness benefits Vertical transmission, passage of symbiotic microflora from parents to offspring, is common in species of animals which have parental care. There are fitness benefits in providing youths with established microorganism community early on. # Immune system development: parents microbes prime young immune system. # Disease resistance: because skin is already colonized by parental microbes, pathogen flora has a harder time to establish itself. # Digestive help: parental microbes might help with digestion, as a result, the young ones can survive on a diet which would not meet their nutritious needs otherwise. # Environmental adaptation: microflora might help to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Astrangia Poculata
''Astrangia poculata'', the northern star coral or northern cup coral, is a species of non-reefbuilding Scleractinia, stony coral in the Family (biology), family Rhizangiidae. It is native to shallow water in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists this coral as being of "least concern". ''Astrangia poculata'' is an emerging model organism, experimental and model organism for corals because it harbors a facultative symbiosis, facultative photosymbiosis, is a Marine biogenic calcification , calcifying coral, and has a large range (biology), geographic range. Research on this emerging experimental system is showcased bi-annually by thTemperate Coral Research Working Group collaboratively hosted by Roger Williams University, Boston University, and Southern Connecticut State University Description ''Astrangia poculata'' grows in small clumps that are up to across. The individual polyp (zoology), polyps are large and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Hawaiian Bobtail Squid
__NOTOC__ ''Euprymna scolopes'', also known as the Hawaiian bobtail squid, is a species of bobtail squid in the family Sepiolidae native to the central Pacific Ocean, where it occurs in shallow coastal waters off the Hawaiian Islands and Midway Island.Reid, A. & P. Jereb 2005. Family Sepiolidae. ''In:'' P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. ''Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae)''. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 153–203. The type specimen was collected off the Hawaiian Islands and is located at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. ''Euprymna scolopes'' grows to in mantle length. Hatchlings weigh and mature in 80 days. Adults weigh up to . In the wild, ''E. scolopes'' feeds on species of shrimp, including '' Halocaridina rubra'', '' Palaemon debi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Dioscorea Sansibarensis
''Dioscorea sansibarensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the yam family known by the common name Zanzibar yam. It is native to Madagascar and to tropical Africa from Tanzania west to Guinea and south to Mozambique, and it is known elsewhere as an introduced species (including in southern Florida).Gucker, Corey L. 2009''Dioscorea'' spp.In: Fire Effects Information System, nline U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. ''Dioscorea sansibarensis'' grows from a tuber up to 40 centimeters wide. The vine may exceed 7 meters in length''Dioscorea sansibarensis''. Flora of North America. and can be 3 centimeters wide. It twines counterclockwise and can reach and grasp supporting trees before it produces its first leaf. The heart-shaped lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Buchnera Aphidicola
''Buchnera aphidicola'', a member of the Pseudomonadota and the only species in the genus ''Buchnera'', is the primary endosymbiont of aphids, and has been studied in the pea aphid, '' Acyrthosiphon pisum''. ''Buchnera'' is believed to have had a free-living, Gram-negative ancestor similar to a modern Enterobacterales, such as ''Escherichia coli''. ''Buchnera'' is 3 μm in diameter and has some of the key characteristics of its Enterobacterales relatives, such as a Gram-negative cell wall. However, unlike most other Gram-negative bacteria, ''Buchnera'' lacks the genes to produce lipopolysaccharides for its outer membrane. The long association with aphids and the limitation of crossover events due to strictly vertical transmission has seen the deletion of genes required for anaerobic respiration, the synthesis of amino sugars, fatty acids, phospholipids, and complex carbohydrates. This has resulted not only in one of the smallest known genomes of any living organism, but al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Myzus Persicae
''Myzus persicae'', known as the green peach aphid, greenfly, or the peach-potato aphid, is a small green aphid belonging to the order Hemiptera. It is the most significant aphid pest of peach trees, causing decreased growth, shrivelling of the leaves and the death of various tissues. It also acts as a vector for the transport of plant viruses such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco etch virus (TEV). Potato virus Y and potato leafroll virus can be passed to members of the nightshade/potato family (Solanaceae), and various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. Originally described by Swiss entomologist Johann Heinrich Sulzer in 1776, its specific name is derived from the Latin genitive ''persicae,'' "of the peach". The syntype specimen of this species is located in the Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection. Life cycle Life cycle of the green peach aphid varies depending on temperature. A fully completed generation takes approximat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Wolbachia
''Wolbachia'' is a genus of gram-negative bacteria infecting many species of arthropods and filarial nematodes. The symbiotic relationship ranges from parasitism to obligate mutualism. It is one of the most common parasitic microbes of arthropods, and is possibly the most widespread reproductive parasite bacterium in the biosphere. Its interactions with hosts are complex and highly diverse across different host species. Some host species cannot reproduce, or even survive, without ''Wolbachia'' colonisation. One study concluded that more than 16% of neotropical insect species carry bacteria of this genus, and as many as 25 to 70% of all insect species are estimated to be potential hosts. History The first organism classified as ''Wolbachia'' was discovered in 1924 by Marshall Hertig and Simeon Burt Wolbach in the common house mosquito. They described it as "a somewhat pleomorphic, rodlike, Gram-negative, intracellular organism hatapparently infects only the ovaries and te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Insect
Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, Thorax (insect anatomy), thorax and abdomen (insect anatomy), abdomen), three pairs of jointed Arthropod leg, legs, compound eyes, and a pair of antenna (biology), antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million described species; they represent more than half of all animal species. The insect nervous system consists of a insect brain, brain and a ventral nerve cord. Most insects reproduce Oviparous, by laying eggs. Insects Respiratory system of insects, breathe air through a system of Spiracle (arthropods), paired openings along their sides, connected to Trachea#Invertebrates, small tubes that take air directly to the tissues. The blood therefore does not carry oxygen; it is only partly contained in ves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Oculina Arbuscula
''Oculina'' is a genus of colonial stony coral in the family Oculinidae. These corals are mostly found in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and BermudaFamily Oculinidae: ''Oculina'' Horizon. Retrieved 2011-12-15. but some species occur in the eastern Pacific Ocean. They occur at depths down to 1000 metres. Description The colonies of ''Oculina'' have a straggly branching structure and are mostly pale yellow. The branches are slim, not exceeding in diameter. The corallites which house the polyps are widely separated. Their walls are composed of fragile, solid-walled tubes. Each |
Euprymna
''Euprymna'' is a genus of bobtail squid comprising a number of species. Species *'' Euprymna albatrossae'' (Voss, 1962) *''Euprymna berryi'' (Sasaki, 1929), double-ear bobtail *''Euprymna brenneri'' (Sanchez et al., 2019) *''Euprymna bursa'' **(Pfeffer, 1884) *''Euprymna hoylei'' (Adam, 1986) *'' Euprymna hyllebergi'' (Nateewathana, 1997) *''Euprymna megaspadicea'' (Kubodera & Okutani, 2002) *'' Euprymna morsei'' (Verrill, 1881), Mimika bobtail *''Euprymna pardalota'' (Reid, 2011) *'' Euprymna penares'' (Gray, 1849) *''Euprymna phenax'' (Voss, 1962) *''Euprymna pusilla'' *(Pfeffer, 1884) *'' Euprymna scolopes'' (Berry, 1913), Hawaiian bobtail squid *''Euprymna schneehageni''* (Pfeffer, 1884) *'' Euprymna stenodactyla'' ( Grant, 1833) *'' Euprymna tasmanica'' (Pfeffer, 1884), southern dumpling squid The species listed above with an asterisk (*) are ''nomen dubium'' and need further study to determine if they are valid species or synonyms, while a double asterisk (**) marks a ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Vibrio Fischeri
''Aliivibrio fischeri'' (formerly ''Vibrio fischeri'') is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments. This bacterium grows most effectively in water with a salt concentration at around 20g/L, and at temperatures between 24 and 28°C. This species is non-pathogenic and has bioluminescent properties. It is found predominantly in symbiosis with various marine animals, such as the Hawaiian bobtail squid. It is heterotrophic, oxidase-positive, and motile by means of a tuft of polar flagella. Free-living ''A. fischeri'' cells survive on decaying organic matter. The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of microbial bioluminescence, quorum sensing, and bacterial-animal symbiosis. It is named after Bernhard Fischer, a German microbiologist. ''Aliivibrio fischeri'' is the family '' Vibrionaceae.'' This family of bacteria tend to have adaptable metabolisms that can adjust to diverse circumstances. This flexibility may contribute to ''A. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Symbiosis
Symbiosis (Ancient Greek : living with, companionship < : together; and ''bíōsis'': living) is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction, between two organisms of different species. The two organisms, termed symbionts, can for example be in Mutualism (biology), mutualistic, commensalism, commensalistic, or parasitism, parasitic relationships. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined symbiosis as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term is sometimes more exclusively used in a restricted, mutualistic sense, where both symbionts contribute to each other's subsistence. This means that they benefit each other in some way. Symbiosis can be ''obligate'' (or ''obligative''), which means that one, or both of the organisms depend on each other for survival, or ''facultative'' (optional), when they can also subsist independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment. Symbionts forming a single body live ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
