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Anopla
Anopla (for changes in taxonomy, see reference from 2019) has long been used as name for a Class (biology), class of marine worms of the phylum Nemertea, characterized by the absence of stylet (anatomy), stylets on the proboscis, the mouth being below or behind the brain, and by having separate openings for the mouth and proboscis. The other long used class of Nemertea are the Enopla (for changes in taxonomy, see reference from 2019). Although Anopla is a paraphyletic grouping, it is used in almost all scientific classifications. Anopla is divided into two Order (biology), orders: Palaeonemertea and Heteronemertea.Norenburg, J.; Gibson, R.; Herrera Bachiller, A.; Strand, M. (2019). World Nemertea Database. Anopla. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1293 on 2019-11-07 Palaeonemertea may be para- or Polyphyly, polyphyletic, consisting of 3-5 groupings and totalling about 100 species. These worms have seve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nemerteans
Nemertea is a phylum of animals also known as ribbon worms or proboscis worms, consisting of about 1300 known species. Most ribbon worms are very slim, usually only a few millimeters wide, although a few have relatively short but wide bodies. Many have patterns of yellow, orange, red and green coloration. The foregut, stomach and intestine run a little below the midline of the body, the anus is at the tip of the tail, and the mouth is under the front. A little above the gut is the , a cavity which mostly runs above the midline and ends a little short of the rear of the body. All species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but wikt:eversion, everts to emerge just above the mouth to capture the animal's prey with venom. A highly extensible muscle in the back of the rhynchocoel pulls the proboscis in when an attack ends. A few species with stubby bodies Filter feeders, filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends, with which they attach to a Hos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enopla
Enopla is one of the classes of the worm phylum Nemertea, characterized by the presence of a peculiar armature of spines or plates in the proboscis. Evolution and systematics The record of nemerteans is extremely sparse, as would be expected from a soft-bodied animal. The Cambrian fossil, '' Amiskwia'', has been interpreted as a nemertean based on its resemblance to some pelagic ribbon worms; however, this interpretation is disputed by many paleontologists. The enoplan nemerteans have been regarded as highly derived based on a more complicated muscle arrangement in the body wall and a more complex nervous system. However, whether this is a plesiomorphic or apomorphic character is not clear, and recent molecular studies are inconclusive in this respect. Class Enopla used to be divided in two subclasses, Hoplonemertea and Bdellonemertea, but recent phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences show that Bdellonemertea should be included in Hoplonemertea. Hoplonemerte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palaeonemertea
Palaeonemertea is a class of primitive nemertean worm. It may be para- or polyphyletic, consisting of three to five clades and totalling about 100 species. These worms have several apparently simple features and, as their name suggests, they are often considered to be the most primitive nemertea Nemertea is a phylum of animals also known as ribbon worms or proboscis worms, consisting of about 1300 known species. Most ribbon worms are very slim, usually only a few millimeters wide, although a few have relatively short but wide bodies. ...ns. The primary body-wall musculature consists of an outer circular layer overlying a longitudinal layer. The group includes genera such as '' Cephalothrix'' in which the nerve cords are inside the body-wall longitudinal muscle, and '' Tubulanus'', in which the nerve cords are between the outer circular muscle and the epidermis. Tubulanids are commonly encountered in rocky areas of intertidal zones in the northern hemisphere. They are oft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylum
In biology, a phylum (; : phyla) is a level of classification, or taxonomic rank, that is below Kingdom (biology), kingdom and above Class (biology), class. Traditionally, in botany the term division (taxonomy), division has been used instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants accepts the terms as equivalent. Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom Animalia contains about 31 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about eight phyla. Current research in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger clades like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta. General description The term phylum was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek (, "race, stock"), related to (, "tribe, clan"). Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguishe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tubulanus
''Tubulanus'' is a genus of primitive nemertean worms in the order Palaeonemertea. Species The World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ... includes the following species in the genus: * '' Tubulanus albocinctus'' (Coe, 1904) * '' Tubulanus annulatus'' (Montagu, 1804) * '' Tubulanus aureus'' (Joubin, 1904) * '' Tubulanus borealis'' Friedrich, 1936 * '' Tubulanus capistratus'' (Coe, 1901) * '' Tubulanus cingulatus'' (Coe, 1904) * '' Tubulanus ezoensis'' Yamaoka, 1940 * '' Tubulanus floridanus'' Coe, 1951 * '' Tubulanus frenatus'' (Coe, 1904) * '' Tubulanus groenlandicus'' (Bergendal, 1902) * '' Tubulanus holorhynchocoelomicus'' Friedrich, 1958 * '' Tubulanus hylbomi'' Gibson & Sundberg, 1999 * '' Tubulanus linearis'' (McIntosh, 1874) * '' Tubu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its south. Of the fifty U.S. states, Illinois has the List of U.S. states and territories by GDP, fifth-largest gross domestic product (GDP), the List of U.S. states and territories by population, sixth-largest population, and the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 25th-most land area. Its capital city is Springfield, Illinois, Springfield in the center of the state, and the state's largest city is Chicago in the northeast. Present-day Illinois was inhabited by Indigenous peoples of the Americas#History, Indigenous cultures for thousands of years. The French were the first Europeans to arrive, settling near the Mississippi and Illinois River, Illinois rivers in the 17th century Illinois Country, as part of their sprawling colony of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian ( , also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, on the International Commission on Stratigraphy, ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two period (geology), subperiods of the Carboniferous Period (or the upper of two system (stratigraphy), subsystems of the Carboniferous System). It lasted from roughly . As with most other geochronology, geochronologic units, the stratum, rock beds that define the Pennsylvanian are well identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain by a few hundred thousand years. The Pennsylvanian is named after the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, where the coal Bed (geology), beds of this age are widespread. The division between Pennsylvanian and Mississippian (geology), Mississippian comes from North American stratigraphy. In North America, where the early Carboniferous beds are primarily marine limestones, the Pennsylvanian was in the past treated as a full-fledged geologic period between the Mississippian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muscular
MUSCULAR (DS-200B), located in the United Kingdom, is the name of a surveillance program jointly operated by Britain's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) that was revealed by documents released by Edward Snowden and interviews with knowledgeable officials. GCHQ is the primary operator of the program. GCHQ and the NSA have secretly broken into the main communications links that connect the data centers of Yahoo! and Google. Substantive information about the program was made public at the end of October 2013. Overview The programme is jointly run by: * – Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (United Kingdom) * – U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) MUSCULAR is one of at least four other similar programs that rely on a trusted 2nd party, programs which together are known as WINDSTOP. In a 30-day period from December 2012 to January 2013, MUSCULAR was responsible for collecting 181 million records. It was however dw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerebratulus
''Cerebratulus'' is a genus of nemerteans belonging to the family Lineidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en .... Species Species: * Cerebratulus acutus Nardo, 1847 * Cerebratulus aerugatus Bürger, 1892 * Cerebratulus albifrons Coe, 1901 * Cerebratulus albulus (Stimpson, 1857) * Cerebratulus alleni Wijnhoff, 1912 * Cerebratulus anguillula Bürger, 1892 * Cerebratulus angulatus (Müller, 1774) * Cerebratulus angusticeps Hubrecht, 1887 * Cerebratulus annellatus (Leuckart, 1849) * Cerebratulus antillensis Coe, 1901 * Cerebratulus aracaensis Senz, 1997 * Cerebratulus arnosus Takakura, 1898 * Cerebratulus aureolus Bürger, 1892 * Cerebratulus australis (Stimpson, 1857) * Cerebratulus barentsi Bürger, 1895 * Cereb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lineus
''Lineus'' is a genus of nemertine worms, including the bootlace worm, arguably the longest animal alive. ''Lineus'' contains the following species: *'' Lineus acutifrons'' Southern, 1913 *'' Lineus albifrons'' Coe, 1934 *'' Lineus albocinctus'' Verrill, 1900 *'' Lineus albonasus'' Verrill, 1900 *'' Lineus alborostratus'' Takakura, 1898 *'' Lineus albus'' *'' Lineus alienus'' Bürger, 1895 *'' Lineus anellatus'' *'' Lineus angulosus'' Korotkevich, 1978 *'' Lineus arenicola'' (Verrill, 1873) *'' Lineus atradentis'' Korotkevich, 1978 *'' Lineus atrocaeruleus'' (Schmarda, 1859) *'' Lineus auripunctatus'' (Grube, 1855) *'' Lineus aurostriatus'' (Bürger, 1890) *''Lineus australis'' *'' Lineus autrani'' Joubin, 1905 *'' Lineus bergendali'' Senz, 1996 *'' Lineus bilineatus'' (Renier, 1804) *''Lineus binigrilinearis'' Gibson, 1990 *''Lineus bioculatus'' Sundberg & Gibson, 1995 *''Lineus bipunctatus'' Takakura, 1898 *''Lineus bonaerensis'' Moretto, 1971 *''Lineus boutani'' (Joubin, 189 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyly
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population), i.e. excludes non-descendants of that common ancestor # the grouping contains all the descendants of that common ancestor, without exception Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic'' grouping meets 1. but not 2., thus consisting of the descendants of a common ancestor, excepting one or more monophyletic subgroups. A ''polyphyletic'' grouping meets neither criterion, and instead serves to characterize convergent relationships of biological features rather than genetic relationships – for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, or aquatic insects. As such, these characteristic features of a polyphyletic grouping are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
