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Annie Kriegel
Annie Kriegel ( Annie Becker; 9 September 1926 – 26 August 1995) was a French historian, a leading expert on communist studies and the history of Communism, a cofounder (1982) of the academic journal '' Communisme'' (with Stéphane Courtois), and a columnist for ''Le Figaro''. Career Kriegel joined the French Communist Party (PCF) as a student in 1945 and remained a member until 1957. From October 1951 to December 1953 she was a member of the federal bureau of PCF and from 1952 headed the section of education and ideological combat. She lost her position after siding with Pablo Picasso whose portrait of Joseph Stalin was criticised inside the party. She changed her political views following Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism in ''On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences'' (1956) and became an outspoken anticommunist. From 1954 she pursued research on the Communist movement in France at Sorbonne under the direction of Ernest Labrousse, which resulted in two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, fourth-most populous city in the European Union and the List of cities proper by population density, 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, Fashion capital, fashion, and gastronomy. Because of its leading role in the French art, arts and Science and technology in France, sciences and its early adoption of extensive street lighting, Paris became known as the City of Light in the 19th century. The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 inhabitants in January 2023, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Dzhugashvili; 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin, his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1922 to 1952 and as the fourth Premier of the Soviet Union, premier from 1941 until his death. He initially governed as part of a Collective leadership in the Soviet Union, collective leadership, but Joseph Stalin's rise to power, consolidated power to become an absolute dictator by the 1930s. Stalin codified the party's official interpretation of Marxism as Marxism–Leninism, while the totalitarian political system he created is known as Stalinism. Born into a poor Georgian family in Gori, Georgia, Gori, Russian Empire, Stalin attended the Tiflis Theological Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He raised f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and conducting covert operations. The agency is headquartered in the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia, and is sometimes metonymously called "Langley". A major member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA has reported to the director of national intelligence since 2004, and is focused on providing intelligence for the president and the Cabinet. The CIA is headed by a director and is divided into various directorates, including a Directorate of Analysis and Directorate of Operations. Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the CIA has no law enforcement function and focuses on intelligence gathering overseas, with only limited domestic intelligence collection. The CIA is responsibl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Blackmer
Donald L. M. Blackmer (1929-14 August 2020) was an American professor of political science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was executive director of the Center for International Studies, a Cold War think-tank established by the Central Intelligence Agency in 1951 to support the government of the United States in its anti-communist struggle with the Soviet Union. Publications * 1961: ''The Emerging Nations: Their Growth and United States Policy'', (editor with Max Millikan, also contributor) Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Co. * 1967: ''Unity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World'', Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press * 1974: ''Communism in Italy and France'', (editor with Sidney Tarrow, also contributor) Princeton: Princeton University Press * 1975 ''The International Role of the Communist Parties of Italy and France'', with Annie Kriegel Annie Kriegel ( Annie Becker; 9 September 1926 – 26 August 1995) was a French historian, a leading expert on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond Aron
Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (; ; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, historian and journalist, one of France's most prominent thinkers of the 20th century. Aron is best known for his 1955 book '' The Opium of the Intellectuals'', the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people; he argues that Marxism was the opium of the intellectuals in post-war France. In the book, Aron chastised French intellectuals for what he described as their harsh criticism of capitalism and democracy and their simultaneous defense of the actions of the communist governments of the East. Critic Roger Kimball suggests that ''Opium'' is "a seminal book of the twentieth century". Aron is also known for his lifelong friendship, sometimes fractious, with philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. The saying "Better be wrong with Sartre than right with Aron" became popular among French intellectuals. Considered by many as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Stalinist Left
The anti-Stalinist left encompasses various kinds of Left-wing politics, left-wing political movements that oppose Joseph Stalin, Stalinism, neo-Stalinism and the History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953), system of governance that Stalin implemented as leader of the Soviet Union between 1924 and 1953. This term also refers to those that opposed Joseph Stalin and his leadership from within the Communist movement, such as Leon Trotsky and the party's Left Opposition. In Western historiography, Stalin is considered one of the worst and most notorious figures in modern history. In recent years, the term may also refer to left and centre-left wing opposition to dictatorships, cults of personality, totalitarianism and police states, all being features commonly attributed to Marxist-Leninist regimes that took inspiration from Stalinism such as the regimes of Kim Il Sung, Enver Hoxha and others, including in the former Eastern Bloc. Some of the notable movements within the anti-Stalinist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris Nanterre University
Paris Nanterre University (), formerly University of Paris West, Paris-X and commonly referred to as Nanterre, is a public research university based in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine, France, in the Paris metropolitan area. It is one of the most prestigious French universities, mainly in the areas of law, humanities, political science, social and natural sciences and economics. It is one of the thirteen successor universities of the University of Paris. The university is located in the western suburb of Nanterre, in La Défense area, the business district of the Paris area. Paris Nanterre University alumni include more than 15 cabinet officials, heads of state or government from France and around the world, like Emmanuel Macron, Nicolas Sarkozy or Dominique de Villepin. Alumni also include heads of central banks, legislators and business people, like Christine Lagarde, Dominique Strauss-Kahn or Vincent Bolloré. History The Nanterre campus of the University of Paris The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Reims Champagne-Ardenne
The University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (; URCA), also known simply as the University of Reims, is a public university based in Reims, France. In addition to the main campus in Reims, the university has several campuses located throughout the Grand Est region, in Châlons-en-Champagne, Charleville-Mézières, Chaumont, and Troyes. History Original university The University of Reims was established in 1548,Mark W. Konnert, ''Local Politics in the French Wars of Religion'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006, p. 52. after the Cardinal of Lorraine met with Pope Paul III. The 'Collège des Bons-Enfants' Catholic school thus became a university, teaching the arts, theology, law and medicine. The university was closed in 1793 during the French Revolution, and reemerged in the 1960s. Modern university The Faculty of Science (1961), the Literary University College (1964), the University College of Law and Economics (1966), Reims University Technology Institute (1966), the Faculties ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Furet
François Furet (; 27 March 1927 – 12 July 1997) was a French historian and president of the Saint-Simon Foundation, best known for his books on the French Revolution. From 1985 to 1997, Furet was a professor of French history at the University of Chicago. Furet was elected to the Académie française in March 1997, just three months before he died in July. Biography Born in Paris on 27 March 1927 into a wealthy family, Furet was a bright student who graduated from the Sorbonne with the highest honors and soon decided on a life of research, teaching and writing. He received his education at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and at the faculty of art and law of Paris. In 1949, Furet entered the French Communist Party, but he left the party in 1956 following the Soviet invasion of Hungary. After beginning his studies at the University of Letters and Law in his native Paris, Furet was forced to leave university in 1950 due to a case of tuberculosis. After recovering, he sat for the ''a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L'Obs
(), previously known as (2014–2024), (1964–2014), (1954–1964), (1953–1954), and (1950–1953), is a weekly French news magazine. Based in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, ' is one of the three most prominent French news magazines alongside ''Le Point'' and ''L'Express''. Its current editor is Cécile Prieur. History and profile The magazine was established in 1950 as '. It became ' in 1953 and ' in 1954. The name ' was adopted in 1964. The 1964 incarnation of the magazine was founded by Jean Daniel and Claude Perdriel. Since 1964, ' has been published by Groupe Nouvel Observateur on a weekly basis and has covered political, business and economic news. It features extensive coverage of European, Middle Eastern and African political, commercial and cultural issues. Its strongest areas are political and literary matters, and it is noted for its in-depth treatment of the day's main issues. It has been described as "the French intellectuals' parish magazine", or more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernest Labrousse
Camille-Ernest Labrousse (; 16 March 1895 – 24 May 1988) was a French historian specializing in social and economic history who was born in Barbezieux, Charente and died in Paris. Biography Labrousse established a historical model centered on three nodes—economic, social and cultural—inventing the quantitative history sometimes now called cliometrics. Eschewing biographies and the narrative accounts of individual witnesses, which have provided the backbone of traditional historiography, he applied statistical methods and influenced a whole generation. Fernand Braudel said that if it were not for Labrousse, "historians would never have set to work as willingly as they did on the study of wages and prices". Labrousse's prominence was also a result of his post at the Sorbonne, where he supervised a generation of French post-doctoral ''thèses'' and his organizational skills from the 1950s onward in leading team research efforts that were models of the historian's craft. His f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anticommunist
Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an intense rivalry. Anti-communism has been an element of many movements and different political positions across the political spectrum, including anarchism, centrism, conservatism, fascism, liberalism, nationalism, social democracy, socialism, leftism, and libertarianism, as well as broad movements #Evasion of censorship, resisting communist governance. Anti-communism has also been expressed by #Religions, several religious groups, and in art and #Literature, literature. The first organization which was specifically dedicated to opposing communism was the Russian White movement, which fought in the Russian Civil War starting in 1918 against the recent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
