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André Tulard
André Tulard (23 June 1898 – 3 February 1967) was a French civil administrator and police inspector. He is known for having created the , a census of Jews in Vichy France. Tulard was head of the Service of Foreigners and Jewish Affairs at the Prefecture of Police of Paris. Although Tulard was an active collaborator with the Germans, he received no punishment after the war and even retained his title as Knight of the Legion of Honor. The ''fichier juif'' Tulard created the first census of members of the French Communist Party (PCF), for the Prefecture of Police under the Third Republic (1871–1940). He created another census under Vichy, which listed Jews, known as the . These files were then handed over to Theodor Dannecker, head of the Gestapo in Paris. Following a Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940, which forced Jews in occupied France to declare themselves as such at a police station or sub-prefecture, Vichy promulgated the first law on the status of Jews on 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Police
Law enforcement in France is centralized at the national level. Recently, legislation has allowed local governments to hire their own police officers which are called the ''Municipal Police (France), police municipale''. There are two national police forces called "''National Police (France), Police nationale'' and "''National Gendarmerie, Gendarmerie nationale''. The Prefecture of Police of Paris provides policing services directly to Paris as a subdivision of France's Minister of the Interior (France), Ministry of the Interior. Within these national forces, only certain designated police officers have the power to conduct criminal investigations which are supervised by Inquisitorial system, investigative magistrates. History Law enforcement has a long history dating back to AD 570 when watchman (law enforcement), night watch systems were commonplace.Dammer, H. R. and Albanese, J. S. (2014). ''Comparative Criminal Justice Systems'' (5th ed.). Wadesworth Cengage learning: Bel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drancy Internment Camp
Drancy internment camp () was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modern architecture, modernist urban community under the name ''La Cité de la Muette'', it was located in Drancy, a northeastern suburb of Paris, France. Between 22 June 1942 and 31 July 1944, during its use as an internment camp, 67,400 French, Polish, and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 Holocaust trains, rail operations, The 61,000 deported to Auschwitz and remaining number to Sobibor extermination camp, Sobibor were murdered. which included 6,000 children. Only 1,542 prisoners remained alive at the camp when the German authorities in Drancy fled as Allies of World War II, Allied forces advanced and the Swedish Consul-General Raoul Nordling took control of the camp on 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Louis Lévy
Michel may refer to: * Michel (name), a given name or surname of French origin (and list of people with the name) * Míchel (nickname), a nickname (a list of people with the nickname, mainly Spanish footballers) * Míchel (footballer, born 1963), Spanish former footballer and manager * ''Michel'' (TV series), a Korean animated series * German auxiliary cruiser ''Michel'' * Michel catalog, a German-language stamp catalog * St. Michael's Church, Hamburg or Michel * S:t Michel, a Finnish town in Southern Savonia, Finland * ''Deutscher Michel'', a national personification of the German people People * Alain Michel (other), several people * Ambroise Michel (born 1982), French actor, director and writer. * André Michel (director), French film director and screenwriter * André Michel (lawyer), human rights and anti-corruption lawyer and opposition leader in Haiti * Anette Michel (born 1971), Mexican actress * Anneliese Michel (1952 - 1976), German Catholic woman underg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
INSEE Code
The INSEE code ( ) is a numerical indexing code used by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France), French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) to identify various entities, including communes of France, communes and ''departments of France, départements''. They are also used as national identification numbers given to people. Created under Vichy Although today this national identification number is used by social security in France and is present on each person's social security card (''carte Vitale''), it was originally created under Vichy France under the guise of the Registration Number to the National Directory of Identification of Physical People (''Numéro d'inscription au répertoire des personnes physiques'', NIRPP or simply NIR). The latter was originally to be used as a clandestine military recruitment tool, but in the end served to identify Jews, Romani people, gypsies, and other "undesirable" populations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maurice Papon
Maurice Papon (; 3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant and Nazi collaborator who was convicted of crimes against humanity committed during the occupation of France. Papon led the police in major prefectures from the 1930s to the 1960s, before he became a Gaullist politician. When he was secretary general for the police in Bordeaux during World War II, he participated in the deportation of more than 1,600 Jews. He is also known for his activities in the Algerian War (1954–1962), during which he tortured insurgent prisoners as prefect of the Constantinois department, and ordered, as prefect of the Paris police, the 1961 massacre of pro- National Liberation Front (FLN) demonstrators for violating a curfew that he had "advised". In 1961, Maurice Papon was personally awarded the Legion of Honour by French President Charles de Gaulle, whose government had been struggling with the FLN insurgency. Papon also commanded the Paris police in the Char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Police
History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a social science, while others see it as part of the humanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the truth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term ''history'' refers not to an academic field but to the past itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past. Historical research relies on primary and secondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM During World War II
Both the United States and Nazi Germany used IBM-punched card technology for some parts of their operations and record keeping. By country Germany In Germany, during World War II, IBM engaged in business practices which have been the source of controversy. Much attention focuses on the role of IBM's German subsidiary, known as ''Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft'', or Dehomag. Topics in this regard include: *documenting operations by Dehomag which allowed the Nazis to better organize their war effort, in particular the Holocaust and use of Nazi concentration camps; *comparing these efforts to operations by other IBM subsidiaries which aided other nations' war efforts; *and ultimately, assessing the degree to which IBM should be held culpable for atrocities which were made possible by its actions. *the selection methods they developed and used had the purpose of selecting and killing civilians. United States In the United States, IBM was, at the request of the government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maurice Rajsfus
Maurice Rajsfus (9 April 1928 – 13 June 2020) was a French writer, journalist, historian and anti-establishment militant. He was the author of numerous books addressing themes such as the Jewish genocide in France, the police, and attacks on civil liberties. In 1994 he co-founded the "Observatory of Public Liberties" (''"l'Observatoire des libertés publiques"''), which he led. Life Early years Maurice Rajsfus was born in Aubervilliers on the north side of Paris. His parents were Polish Jews who had arrived in France in the early 1920s. Their marriage ceremony had been performed by the mayor of Aubervilliers, Pierre Laval, "still, back then, a pacifist lawyer". A defining experience came in July 1942 when he was 14. In what came to be known as the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup more than 13,000 Jews were rounded up in and around Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated popu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
