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Anarchitecture
Anarchist architecture, also known as anarchitecture, is a term used to describe architecture with anarchist intentions, or architecture by people who unconsciously follow anarchist principles such as decentralization and self-organization. According to anarchist theorists, anarchitecture should be done for the needs of individuals or small communities instead of power structures, such as capitalism or the state, like conventional architecture. Examples include housing projects and conceptual art by anarchist architects, self-built houses in informal settlements and squatted buildings modified by the inhabitants. Characteristics Anarchist architecture starts from the premise that architecture is a political act and its main concern should be to fulfill the needs of a person or a small community instead of a power structure. It criticizes capitalist architecture, which is "increasingly commodified, sterile and elitist - part of a global capitalist system where urban space is equat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christiania Glass House - August 2007
Christiania may refer to: Businesses and organizations * Christiania Bank, a former Norwegian bank * Christiania Theatre, formerly in Oslo, Norway ** Christiania Norwegian Theatre, merged in 1863 * Christiania Spigerverk, a former Norwegian steel company Places * Christiania or Kristiania, official names of Oslo (1624–1924), nickname (from 1925) for the part of Oslo that was founded by King Christian IV * Christiania Islands, Antarctica * Christiania Township, Jackson County, Minnesota, U.S. * Freetown Christiania, or Christiania, an anarchist territory in Copenhagen, Denmark Other uses * ''Christiania'' (brachiopod), an extinct genus *Christiania RK, a rowing club from Oslo, Norway * Christiania SK, a former Norwegian Nordic skiing club See also * Cristian (other) Cristian is a given name. Cristian may also refer to: * Cristian, Brașov * Cristian, Sibiu See also * Cristian's algorithm {{disambig ... * Christiana (other) {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Democracy
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the Election#Electorate, electorate directly decides on policy initiatives, without legislator, elected representatives as proxies, as opposed to the representative democracy model which occurs in the majority of established democracies. The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic constituted the core of the work of many theorists, philosophers, politicians, and social critics, among whom the most important are Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, and G. D. H. Cole, G.D.H. Cole. Overview In direct democracy the people decide on policies without any intermediary or representative, whereas in a representative democracy people vote for representatives who then enact policy initiatives. Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing executive decisions, the use of sortition, making laws, directly electing or dismissing officials, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terni
Terni ( ; ; ) is a city in the southern portion of the region of Umbria, in Central Italy. It is near the border with Lazio. The city is the capital of the province of Terni, located in the plain of the Nera (Tiber), River Nera. It is northeast of Rome and 81 km south of the regional capital, Perugia. The Latin name means "between-two-rivers", in reference to its location on the confluence of the Nera river (Umbrian language, Ancient Umbrian ''Nahar'', ) and the Serra stream. When disambiguation was needed, it was referred to as ''Interamna Nahars''. Its inhabitants were known in Latin as ''Interamnātēs Na(ha)rtēs''. Interamna was founded as an Ancient Roman town, albeit settlements in the Terni area well precede this occurrence. During the 19th century, steel mills were introduced and led the city to have a role in the Second Industrial Revolution in Italy. Because of its industrial importance, the city was heavily bombed during World War II by the Allies of World War I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1970s
File:1970s decade montage.jpg, Clockwise from top left: U.S. President Richard Nixon doing the V for Victory sign after his resignation from office following the Watergate scandal in 1974; The United States was still involved in the Vietnam War in the early decade. The New York Times leaked information regarding the nation's involvement in the war. Political pressure led to America's withdrawal from the war in 1973, and the Fall of Saigon in 1975 leading to evacuations of South Vietnamese that same year; the 1973 oil crisis causes a financial crisis throughout the developed world; both the leaders of Israel and Egypt shake hands after the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978; in 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces commits the 1971 Bangladesh genocide to curb independence movements in East Pakistan, killing 300,000 to 3,000,000 people; this consequently leads to the Bangladesh Liberation War; the 1970 Bhola cyclone kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated Gange ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Resistance Movement
The Italian Resistance ( ), or simply ''La'' , consisted of all the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social Republic during the Second World War in Italy from 1943 to 1945. As a diverse anti-fascist and anti-Nazist movement and organisation, the opposed Nazi Germany and its Fascist puppet state regime, the Italian Social Republic, which the Germans created following the Nazi German invasion and military occupation of Italy by the and the from 8 September 1943 until 25 April 1945. General underground Italian opposition to the Fascist Italian government existed even before World War II, but open and armed resistance followed the German invasion of Italy on 8 September 1943: in Nazi-occupied Italy, the Italian Resistance fighters, known as the ( partisans), fought a ('national liberation war') against the invading German forces; in this context, the anti-fascist of the Italian Resistan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during World War II, where the Axis powers were opposed by many countries forming the Allies of World War II and dozens of resistance movements worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as anarchism, communism, pacifism, republicanism, social democracy, socialism and syndicalism as well as centrist, conservative, liberal and nationalist viewpoints. Fascism, a far-right ultra-nationalistic ideology best known for its use by the Italian Fascists and the German Nazis, became prominent beginning in the 1910s. Organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giancarlo De Carlo
Giancarlo De Carlo (1919−2005) was an Italian architect and anarchist. He was a member of the ''Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne'' (CIAM) and became closely linked to Urbino as its town planner and creator of its master plan. Throughout his architecture career he advocated for the consideration of human, physical, cultural, and historical forces in design. Biography Giancarlo De Carlo was born in Genoa, Liguria in 1919 of a Tunisian father and Chilean mother. He enrolled at the Polytechnic University of Milan in 1939 and graduated with a degree in engineering in 1943. He then enlisted as a naval officer in World War II and served on a submarine support ship in the Mediterranean Sea. Following Italy's surrender to the Allied forces on 8 September 1943, he went into hiding, participating in the Italian Resistance through the Movement of Proletarian Unity alongside other Milanese architects such as Franco Albini. Later, De Carlo and fellow architect Giuseppe Pag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Sheffield
The University of Sheffield (informally Sheffield University or TUOS) is a public university, public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. Its history traces back to the foundation of Sheffield Medical School in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The University College of Sheffield was subsequently formed by the amalgamation of the three institutions in 1897 and was granted a royal charter as the University of Sheffield in 1905 by King Edward VII. Sheffield is formed from 50 academic departments which are organised into five faculties and an international faculty. The annual income of the institution for 2023–24 was £887.9 million, of which £185.8 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £651.4 million. Sheffield is regarded as one of the top engineering universities in Europe. As of the latest Higher Education Statistics Agency, HESA statistics, it had the highest engineeri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarchist
Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with Stateless society, stateless societies and voluntary Free association (communism and anarchism), free associations. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement (libertarian socialism). Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in Labour movement, workers' struggles for emancipation. #Schools of thought, Various anarchist schools of thought formed during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avant-garde
In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic establishment of the time. The military metaphor of an ''advance guard'' identifies the artists and writers whose innovations in style, form, and subject-matter challenge the artistic and aesthetic validity of the established forms of art and the literary traditions of their time; thus, the artists who created the anti-novel and Surrealism were ahead of their times. As a stratum of the intelligentsia of a society, avant-garde artists promote progressive and radical politics and advocate for societal reform with and through works of art. In the essay "The Artist, the Scientist, and the Industrialist" (1825), Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues's political usage of ''vanguard'' identified the moral obligation of artists to "ser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Routledge
Routledge ( ) is a British multinational corporation, multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, academic journals, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioral science, behavioural science, education, law, and social science. The company publishes approximately 1,800 journals and 5,000 new books each year and their backlist encompasses over 140,000 titles. Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences. In 1998, Routledge became a subdivision and Imprint (trade name), imprint of its former rival, Taylor & Francis, Taylor & Francis Group (T&F), as a result of a £90-million acquisition deal from Cinven, a venture capital group which had purchased it two years previously for £25 million. Following the merger of Informa and T&F in 2004, Routledge became a publishing unit and major imprint within the Informa "academic publishing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Exchange Trading Systems
A local exchange trading system (also local employment and trading system or local energy transfer system; abbreviated LETS) is a locally initiated, democratically organised, not-for-profit community enterprise that provides a community information service and records transactions of members exchanging goods and services by using locally created currency."LETSystems Training Pack", (1990) W.A. Government. LETS allow people to negotiate the value of their own hours or services, and to keep wealth in the locality where it is created. Similar trading systems around the world are also known as Community Exchange Systems (CES), Mutual Credit trading systems, Clearing Circles, Trade Exchanges or Time Banks. These all use 'metric currencies' – currencies that ''measure'', as opposed to the fiat currencies used in conventional value exchange. Each of these value transfer systems functions as a complementary currency. In the 21st century, the internet-based networks have been used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
