|
Analog Cellular Network
1G refers to the first generation of mobile telecommunications standards, introduced in the 1980s. This generation was characterized by the use of analog audio transmissions, a major distinction from the subsequent 2G networks, which were fully digital. The term "1G" itself was not used at the time, but has since been retroactively applied to describe the early era of cellular networks. During the 1G era, various regional standards were developed and deployed in different countries, rather than a single global system. Among the most prominent were the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system and the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which were widely adopted in their respective regions. The lack of a unified global standard resulted in a fragmented landscape, with different countries and regions utilizing different technologies for mobile communication. As digital technology advanced, the inherent advantages of digital systems over analog led to the eventual replacement of 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), also called 2.5G, is a mobile data standard on the 2G cellular communication network's Global System for Mobile Communications, global system for mobile communications (GSM). Networks and mobile devices with GPRS started to roll out around the year 2001; it offered, for the first time on GSM networks, seamless data transmission using Packet switching, packet data for an "always-on" connection (eliminating the need to "dial-up"), so providing improved Internet access for World Wide Web, web, email, Wireless Application Protocol, WAP services, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and others. Up until the rollout of GPRS, only circuit switched data was used in cellular networks, meaning that one or more radio channels were occupied for the entire duration of a data connection. On the other hand, on GPRS networks, data is broken into small packets and transmitted through available channels. This increased efficiency also gives it theoretical data ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motorola DynaTAC
The DynaTAC is a series of cellular telephones manufactured by Motorola from 1983 to 1994. Unveiled on March 6, 1983, the DynaTAC was the first commercially available handheld cellular phone. A full charge took roughly 10 hours, and it offered 30 minutes of talk time. It also offered a LED display for dialing or recall of one of 30 phone numbers. It was priced at US$3,995 in 1984, its commercial release year, equivalent to $ in . Several models followed, starting in 1985 with the 8000s and continuing with periodic updates of increasing frequency until 1993's Classic II. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the StarTAC's release in 1996, it was obsolete. Name DynaTAC was an abbreviation of "Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage". The TAC abbreviation would later also be used on the MicroTAC, StarTAC and TeleTAC lines of products. History The first cellular phone was the culmination of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Telecommunications
Mobile telephony is the provision of wireless Telephony, telephone services to Mobile phone, mobile phones, distinguishing it from fixed-location telephony provided via landline phones. Traditionally, telephony specifically refers to Telephone call, voice communication, though the distinction has become less clear with the integration of additional features such as text messaging and Internet, data services. Modern mobile phones connect to a terrestrial cellular network of Base station, base stations (commonly referred to as Cell site, cell sites), using Radio wave, radio waves to facilitate communication. Satellite phone, Satellite phones use wireless links to orbiting Communications satellite, satellites, providing an alternative in areas lacking local terrestrial communication infrastructure, such as landline and cellular networks. Cellular networks, satellite networks, and landline systems are all linked to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), enabling calls to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Radio Telephone
Mobile radio telephone systems were mobile telephony systems that preceded modern cellular network technology. Since they were the predecessors of the first generation of cellular telephones, these systems are sometimes retroactively referred to as pre-cellular (or sometimes zero generation, that is, 0G) systems. Technologies used in pre-cellular systems included the Push-to-talk (PTT or manual), Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS) systems. These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service that was part of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatching system. These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks (thus called ''car phones''), although portable briefcase models we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wireless Device Radiation And Health
The antennas contained in mobile phones, including smartphones, emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation ( non-ionizing "radio waves" such as microwaves); the parts of the head or body nearest to the antenna can absorb this energy and convert it to heat or to synchronised molecular vibrations (the term 'heat', properly applies only to disordered molecular motion). Since at least the 1990s, scientists have researched whether the now-ubiquitous radiation associated with mobile phone antennas or cell phone towers is affecting human health. Mobile phone networks use various bands of RF radiation, some of which overlap with the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. In response to public concern, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the ''International EMF (Electric and Magnetic Fields) Project'' in 1996 to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF in the frequency range from 0 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wireless Application Protocol
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an obsolete technical standard for accessing information over a mobile cellular network. Introduced in 1999, WAP allowed users with compatible mobile devices to browse content such as news, weather and sports scores provided by mobile network operators, specially designed for the limited capabilities of a mobile device. The Japanese i-mode system offered a competing wireless data standard. Before the introduction of WAP, mobile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services, but needed interactivity to support Internet and Web applications. Although hyped at launch, WAP suffered from criticism. However the introduction of GPRS networks, offering a faster speed, led to an improvement in the WAP experience. WAP content was accessed using a ''WAP browser'', which is like a standard web browser but designed for reading pages specific for WAP, instead of HTML. By the 2010s it had been largely superseded by mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mobile Phone Generations
__NOTOC__ This is a list of generations of wireless network technologies in mobile telecommunications. ''*'' latest and optimal iteration of technology ''**'' originally not considered 4G, only after a revision of 4G specification 0G 0G systems did not use cellular systems. Referred to as ''pre-cellular'' (or sometimes ''zero generation'', that is, '' 0G mobile'') systems. 1G 1G or (1-G) refers to the first generation of cellular network technology. These are the analog telecommunication standards that were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between these two mobile telephone generations is that in 1G systems the audio was encoded as analog radio signals (though call set-up and other network communications were digital), while 2G networks were entirely digital. 1.5G 2G 2G (or 2-G) provides three primary benefits over their predecessors: phone conversations are digitall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation
(NTT) is a Japanese telecommunications holding company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked 55th in ''Fortune'' Global 500, NTT is the fourth largest telecommunications company in the world in terms of revenue, as well as the third largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota and Sony, as of June 2022. In 2023, the company was ranked 56th in the Forbes Global 2000. NTT was the world's largest company by market capitalization in the late 1980s, and remained among the world's top 10 largest companies by market capitalization until the burst of the Dot-com bubble in the early 2000s. The company traces its origin to the national telegraph service established in 1868, which came under the purview of the Ministry of Communications in the 1880s. In 1952, the telegraph and telephone services were spun off as the government-owned . Under Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, the company was privatised in 1985 along with the Japanese National Railways and the Japan Tobacco and Sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RTMI
RTMI (Radio Telefono Mobile Integrato) was the first mobile communication service in Italy, started in 1973. It operated on the 160 MHz frequency band and was used by a few people working in the public sector (public administrations and defense officials). In the 1980s, the Radio Telephone Mobile (RTM) emerged, which operated on the 450 MHz frequency band and attracted 100,000 customers. The cellular standard RTMS was launched in 1985. In 1989 the SIP (Società Italiana per l'Esercizio delle Telecomunicazioni) adopted the TACS Total Access Communication System (TACS) and ETACS are variants of Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) which were announced as the choice for the first two UK national cellular systems in February 1983, less than a year after the UK government an ... standard. RTMS services were switched off in 1996. References Mobile technology {{Wireless-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France Telecom
Orange S.A. (; formerly , stylised as france telecom) is a French multinational telecommunications corporation founded in 1988 and headquartered in Issy-les-Moulineaux, near Paris. ''Orange'' has been the corporation's main brand for mobile, landline, internet and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) services since 2006. It traces its origins back to Hutchison Whampoa acquiring a controlling stake in Microtel Communications in 1994 in the United Kingdom. Microtel Communications became a subsidiary of Mannesmann in 1999 and then was acquired by ''France Télécom'' in 2000. The former French public telecoms monopoly thus became internationalized following this takeover and has pursued an expansionist policy since. The group now operates in many countries in Europe, Africa and in the French West Indies. Since February 2012, as a result of the company's decision to transfer its fixed-line telephony operations to its ''Orange'' brand, all offers marketed by France Télécom are ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C-Netz
The Radio Telephone Network C (German: Funktelefonnetz-C, abbreviated as C-Netz), was a 1G, first generation analog signal, analog cellular phone system deployed and operated in Germany (at first West Germany) by Telekom Deutschland, DeTeMobil (formerly of Deutsche Bundespost Telekom, currently Deutsche Telekom). It utilized the C-450 standard, originally developed by Siemens, Siemens AG, and was the third and last update of a series of analog mobile phone systems used primarily within Germany, superseding the B-Netz and the A-Netz before it. It has been decommissioned, replaced by both the newer ''D-Netz'' and ''E-Netz'' systems, both based on GSM standards (which are digital) and operating on 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands respectively. C-Netz was active from 1985 to 2000, with certain areas until 2001. Since then, all consumer cellular phone services in Germany are digital-only. The List of dialling codes in Germany, dialing code for the C-Netz was 0161, which is no l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
