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Amri (Pre-Harappa)
Amri is an ancient settlement in modern-day Sindh, Pakistan, that goes back to 3600 BCE. The site is located south of Mohenjo Daro on Hyderabad- Dadu Road more than 100 kilometres north of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Cultural context Amri is a type site for Amri culture which developed in Sindh during 4th millennium BCE. Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in Sindh, they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into mature phase of Indus Valley Civilisation.Charles Keith Maisels''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''Routledge, 2003 Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds''History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C.''UNESCO, 1996 p.674Tejas Garge (2010)Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. Archaeology Prehistoric Amri-Nal culture is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sindh
Sindh ( ; ; , ; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind (caliphal province), Sind or Scinde) is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the Demographics of Pakistan, second-largest province by population after Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan, Pakistan, Balochistan to the west and north-west and Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab to the north. It shares an India-Pakistan border, International border with the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east; it is also bounded by the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert of Sindh, Thar Desert in the eastern portion of the province along the India–Pakistan border, international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sohr Damb
Sohr Damb ('Red Mound'), () c. 3800–2300 BC, is an archaeological site near Nal in central Balochistan, Pakistan that begins before the Indus Valley Civilization featuring Togau, Kili Ghul Mohammad, and Kechi Beg pottery styles. It has also been known as Naal, Balochistan, and gave its name to the prehistoric Amri-Nal culture, which is attributed to the dual typesites of Amri and Nal. The site extends around 4,5 hectares; the mound (mostly geologically formed) is 13 m high. The cultural stratum is less than 2 m deep. The excavations reveal four periods of occupation, and they could be further divided into several sub-periods. Excavations The locality was first discovered in 1903. In the following years, various minor excavations took place, including by Sir Aurel Stein. Another excavation was led by Harold Hargreaves in 1924. Since 2001, the site has been systematically excavated by the German Archaeological Institute and the Department of Archeology and Museums, Governme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalibanga
Kalibangān is a town located at on the left or southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River) in Tehsil Pilibangān, between Suratgarh and Hanumangarh in Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan, India 205 km from Bikaner. It is also identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of Drishadvati and Sarasvati Rivers. The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley civilization was first identified by Luigi Pio Tessitori, Luigi Tessitori at this site. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. The report concluded that Kalibangan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field". It is around 2900 BC that the region of Kalibangan developed into what can be considered a planned city. Kalibangan was first excavated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harappa
Harappa () is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal, that takes its name from a modern village near the former course of the Ravi River, which now runs to the north. Harappa is the type site of the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation ("IVC"), as it was the first IVC site to be excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India during the British Raj, although its significance did not become manifest until the discovery of Mohenjo-daro some years later. For this reason, IVC is sometimes called the "Harappan civilisation," a term more commonly used by the Archaeological Survey of India after decolonization in 1947. The discovery of Harappa and, soon afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, two major urban settlements of IVC, was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1861. The city of Harappa is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about with clay brick houses at its greatest extent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhirrana
Bhirrana, also Bhirdana and Birhana, ( IAST: Bhirḍāna) is an archaeological site, located in a small village in the Fatehabad district of the north Indian state of Haryana. Bhirrana's earliest archaeological layers contained two charcoal samples dating to the 8th-7th millennium BCE, predating the Indus Valley civilisation, but occurring in the same levels with Hakra Ware pottery which had been dated to the 4th millennium BCE in other sites of the region, as well as "about half a dozen" other charcoal samples from the early levels of Bhirrana dated 3200-2600 BCE, and smelted copper artefacts indicating a Chalcolithic rather than Neolithic stage of development. The site is one of the many sites seen along the channels of the seasonal Ghaggar river, identified by ASI archeologists to be the Post-IVC, Rigvedic Saraswati river of c. 1500 BCE. Scholarly interpretation and dating of Bhirrana, as with a number of other archaeological sites of ancient India, has been subject to co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Indus Valley Civilization Sites
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan. Over 1000 Indus Valley civilisation sites have been discovered. Only 40 sites on the Indus valley were known in the pre-Partition of India, Partition era by Archaeological Survey of India, archaeologists. The most widely known Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-daro is located in modern-day Sindh, while Harappa is in Punjab, Pakistan, West Punjab. More than 90% of the Indus script, inscribed objects and seals that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.Upinder Singh, 2008''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century'' p. 169 More than 50 IVC burial sites have bee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, and of the three, the most widespread, its sites spanning an area including much of Pakistan, northwestern India and northeast Afghanistan. The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan. The term ''Harappan'' is sometimes applied to the Indus Civilisation after its type site Harappa, the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the Punjab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jhangar Culture
The Jhangar phase was an archaeological culture, named after the type site Jhangar, that followed the Jhukar phase of the Late Harappan culture in Sindh (i.e., the Lower Indus Valley). Jhukar and Jhangar phases are collectively called Jhukar and Jhangar culture (1900–1500 BCE). Cemetery H culture (subculture of Late Harrapan IVC phase) in Punjab was contemporaneous to Jhukar-Jhangar culture (subculture of Late Harrapan IVC phase) in Sindh, both have evidence of continuity and change.Upinder Singh, 2008A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century Pearson Education, p. 211. Rangpur culture in Gujarat, also part of late phase of IVC, was also contemporaneous to both. It is a non-urban culture, characterised by "crude handmade pottery" and "campsites of a population which was nomadic and mainly pastoralist," and is dated to approximately the late second millennium BCE and early first millennium BCE. In Sindh, urban growth began again afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jhukar Phase
The Jhukar phase was a phase of the Late Harappan culture in Sindh that continued after the decline of the mature Indus Valley civilisation in the 2nd millennium BCE. It is named after the archaeological type site called Jhukar in Sindh. It was, in turn, followed by the Jhangar phase. Jhukar and Jhangar phases are collectively called Jhukar and Jhangar culture (1900 - 1500 BCE). Cemetery H culture (subculture of Late Harrapan IVC phase) in Punjab was contemporaneous to Jhukar-Jhangar culture (subculture of late Harrapan IVC phase) in Sindh, both have evidence of continuity and change. Jhukar culture is associated with the sites excavated at Jhukar, Chanchudaro and Amri (Amri also as an earlier and distinct Amri culture belonging to earlier phases of IVC).Upinder Singh, 2008A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century Pearson Education, p. 211. Rangpur culture in Gujarat, also part of late phase of IVC, was also contemporaneous to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rehman Dheri
Rehman Dheri or sometime Rahman Dheri () is a Pre-Harappan Archaeological Site situated near Dera Ismail Khan in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This is one of the oldest urbanised centres found to date in South Asia. Dated (3300 - 1900 BC), the site is situated north of Dera Ismail Khan. It is on the Tentative List for future World Heritage Sites in Pakistan.UNESCObr>Karez System Cultural Landscape/ref> Location The site is located on the Gomal River Plain, which is part of the Indus river watershed. It is close to where the Zhob River flows into the Gomal River. Since the earliest occupation, except for the extension outside the city in the south, the entire habitation area was enclosed by a massive wall, built from dressed blocks made from clay slabs. The low rectangular mound is covering about 22 hectares and standing 4.5 m above the surrounding field. Near Rehman Dheri, there's an unexcavated Harappan site of Hisham Dheri. This indicates that, in some regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, and of the three, the most widespread, its sites spanning an area including much of Pakistan, northwestern India and northeast Afghanistan. The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan. The term ''Harappan'' is sometimes applied to the Indus Civilisation after its type site Harappa, the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the Punjab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3300 BC
The 33rd century BC was a century that lasted from the year 3300 BC to 3201 BC. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this century and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. The Bronze Age started in the 33rd century BC. Events * Major climate shift possibly due to shift in solar activity. Glaciers expand, covering plants; atmospheric temperatures fall * Sahara changes from a habitable region into a barren desert * Ancient Egypt begins using clay, bone and ivory tags to label boxes, possibly an example of proto-writing * Indus Valley civilisation (also known as Harappan civilization) begins in Harappa *c. 3300 BC: Archaeological evidence suggests the transition from Copper to Bronze took place around 3300 BC *c. 3300 BC: Harappan script is developed in Indus Valley *c. 3300 BC: Pictographs in Uruk * 3300 BC: to 3000 BC: Face of a woman, from Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq) is made; it is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
