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Amphicyon Ingens
''Amphicyon'' is an extinct genus of large carnivorans belonging to the family Amphicyonidae (known colloquially as "bear-dogs"), subfamily Amphicyoninae, from the Miocene epoch. Members of this family received their vernacular name for possessing bear-like and dog-like features. They ranged over North America, Eurasia, and Africa. Taxonomy In a note dated back to May 16, 1836, French geologist Alexandre Leymerie wrote a letter in April that he requested from French palaeontologist Édouard Lartet, which provided details of his exploits in palaeontological sites in the French department of Gers, in particular the commune Sansan. Lartet described his finds of fossil taxons that he found within the sites, including "'' Mastodonte''" (species assigned to it were later reclassified to another mammutid ''Zygolophodon'' and the gomphothere ''Gomphotherium''), "''Dinotherium''" (its species eventually reclassified as either ''Deinotherium'' or ''Prodeinotherium''), "''Rhinoceros''" ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphicyonidae
Amphicyonidae is an extinct family of terrestrial carnivorans belonging to the suborder Caniformia. They first appeared in North America in the middle Eocene (around 45 mya), spread to Europe by the late Eocene (35 mya), and further spread to Asia and Africa by the early Miocene (23 mya). They had largely disappeared worldwide by the late Miocene (5 mya), with the latest recorded species at the end of the Miocene in Africa. They were among the first carnivorans to evolve large body size. Amphicyonids are colloquially referred to as "bear-dogs". Taxonomy The family was erected by Haeckel in 1866 (also attributed to Trouessart 1885). Their exact position has long been disputed. Early paleontologists usually defined them as members of Canidae (the dog family) or Ursidae (the bear family), but the modern consensus is that they form their own family. Some researchers have defined it as the sister clade to ursids, based on morphological analysis of the ear region. However, cladistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Early Miocene
The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene epoch (geology), Epoch made up of two faunal stage, stages: the Aquitanian age, Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages. The sub-epoch lasted from 23.03 ± 0.05 annum, Ma to 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). It was preceded by the Oligocene epoch. As the climate started to get cooler, the landscape started to change. New mammals evolved to replace the extinct animals of the Oligocene epoch. The first members of the hyena and weasel family started to evolve to replace the extinct ''Hyaenodon'', entelodonts and bear-dogs. The chalicotheres survived the Oligocene epoch. A new genus of entelodont called ''Daeodon'' evolved in order to adapt to the new habitats and hunt the new prey animals of the Early Miocene epoch; it quickly became the top predator of North America. But it became extinct due to competition from ''Amphicyon'', a newcomer from Eurasia. ''Amphicyon'' bested ''Daeodon'' because the bear-dog's la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandre Leymerie , a Portuguese hypocoristic of the name "Alexandre"
{{Disambig ...
Alexandre may refer to: * Alexandre (given name) * Alexandre (surname) * Alexandre (film) See also * Alexander * Alexandra (other) * Xano (other) Xano is the name of: * Xano, a Portuguese hypocoristic of the name " Alexandre (other)" * Idálio Alexandre Ferreira (born 1983), Portuguese footballer known as "Xano", currently playing for Sligo Rovers {{hndis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aceratheriinae
Aceratheriinae is an extinct subfamily of rhinoceros endemic to Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America, from the Oligocene through the Pliocene. It lived from 33.9 to 3.4 mya, existing for approximately . Taxonomy Aceratheriinae was named by Dollo (1885). It was assigned to Rhinocerotida by Codrea (1992); and to Rhinocerotidae by Prothero (1998), Antoine et al. (2000), Kaya and Heissig (2001), Sach and Heizmann (2001) and Deng (2005).P.-O. Antoine, C. Bulot, and L. Ginsburg. 2000. Une faune rare de rhinocérotidés (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) dan le Miocène inférieur de Pellecahus (Gers, France). Geobios 33(2):249-255 The following genera are recognized as valid: *'' Aceratherium'' *'' Acerorhinus'' *''Alicornops ''Alicornops'' is an extinct genus of rhinocerotid belonging to the subfamily Aceratheriinae. It lived in Eurasia during the Miocene and Pliocene. Four species are known. Two of them, ''Alicornops complanatum'' and ''Alicornops laogouense'' were ...'' *'' Aphelo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhinoceros (genus)
''Rhinoceros'' is a genus comprising one-horned rhinoceroses. This scientific name was proposed by Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus contains two species, the Indian rhinoceros (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') and the Javan rhinoceros (''Rhinoceros sondaicus''). Although both members are threatened, the Javan rhinoceros is one of the most endangered large mammals in the world with only 60 individuals surviving in Java (Indonesia). The word 'rhinoceros' means "nose-horn" in Ancient Greek. Etymology The genus name ''Rhinoceros'' comes from the Ancient Greek words ῥινο- (''rhino-''), meaning "of the nose" and κέρας (''kerás''), meaning "horn". Classification The genus ''Rhinoceros'' comprises: *Indian rhinoceros (''R. unicornis'') Indian subcontinent * Javan rhinoceros (''R. sondaicus'') Southeast Asia *†'' R. sivalensis'' Falconer and Cautley, 1846 northern Indian subcontinent ( Siwalik Hills) Pliocene-Early Pleistocene *†'' R. platyrhinus'' Falcon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prodeinotherium
''Prodeinotherium'' is an extinct representative of the family Deinotheriidae that lived in Africa, Europe, and Asia in the early and middle Miocene. ''Prodeinotherium'', meaning "before terrible beast", was first named in 1930, but soon after, the only species in it, ''P. hungaricum'', was reassigned to ''Deinotherium''. During the 1970s, however, the two genera were once again separated, with ''Prodeinotherium'' diagnosed to include ''Deinotherium bavaricum'' (=''P. hungaricum''), ''Deinotherium hobleyi'', and ''Deinotherium pentapotamiae'', which were separated based on geographic location. The three species are from Europe, Africa, and Asia, respectively. However, because of usage of few characters to separate them, only one species, ''P. bavaricum'', or many more species, including ''P. cuvieri'', ''P. orlovii'', and ''P. sinense'' may be possible. ''Prodeinotherium'' is one of three genera of the Deinotheriidae, the others being ''Chilgatherium'' from Africa, and ''Deinother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deinotherium
''Deinotherium'' (from Ancient Greek , ''()'', meaning "terrible", and ''()'', meaning "beast"), is an extinct genus of large, elephant-like proboscideans that lived from the middle-Miocene until the end of the Early Pleistocene. Although its appearance is reminiscent of modern elephants, ''Deinotherium'' possessed a notably more flexible neck, and proportionally more slender limbs, as well as tusks which grew down and curved back from the lower jaw (mandible), and lacked tusks growing from the upper jaw. Several species of ''Deinotherium'' grew larger than modern elephants, not uncommonly reaching shoulder heights of and body masses of over , making them among the largest land mammals ever. ''Deinotherium'' was a widespread genus, during the Miocene they ranged across East Africa, and Eurasia from Western Europe to the Indian subcontinent. They were Browsing (herbivory), browsing animals, with a diet largely consisting of leaves. The genus most likely went extinct due to environ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gomphotherium
''Gomphotherium'' (; "nail beast" for its double set of straight tusks) is an extinct genus of gomphothere proboscidean from the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the most diverse genus of gompothere, with over a dozen valid species. The genus is probably paraphyletic. Description Most species of ''Gomphotherium'' were similar in size to the Asian elephant, with ''G. productum'' (known from a 35-year-old male) measuring tall and weighing . The largest species ''G. steinheimense'', known from a complete 37-year-old male found in Mühldorf, Germany, measured up to tall and weighed . ''Gomphotherium'', like most basal Elephantimorpha, elephantimorphs, had an elongated lower jaw which bore tusks. Species of ''Gomphotherium'' are defined by their conservative molar morphology, which includes "trilophed intermediate molars, third molars with three to four loph(id)s, and pretrite half-loph(id)s typically with anterior and posterior accessory conules that form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gomphothere
Gomphotheres are an extinct group of proboscideans related to modern elephants. First appearing in Africa during the Oligocene, they dispersed into Eurasia and North America during the Miocene and arrived in South America during the Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange. Gomphotheres are a paraphyletic group ancestral to Elephantidae, which contains modern elephants, as well as Stegodontidae. While most famous forms such as '' Gomphotherium'' had long lower jaws with tusks, the ancestral condition for the group, some later members developed shortened (brevirostrine) lower jaws with either vestigial or no lower tusks and outlasted the long-jawed gomphotheres. This change made them look very similar to modern elephants, an example of parallel evolution. During the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene, the diversity of gomphotheres declined, ultimately becoming extinct outside of the Americas. The last two genera, '' Cuvieronius'' ranging southern North America to weste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zygolophodon
''Zygolophodon'' is an extinct genus of mammutid proboscidean that lived during the Miocene in Africa, Eurasia, and North America. Description As with other mammutids, the molars have a zygodont morphology. The fused front region of the lower jaw (the mandibular symphysis) is elongate and bears tusks/incisors. The upper tusks have enamel bands and are untwisted and downward curving, and outwardly diverge from each other. The jaws retained permanent premolar teeth. Species probably reached similar sizes to the American mastodon, with a shoulder height of estimated for the species ''Z. metachinjiensis.'' Ecology ''Zygolophodon'' is suggested to have primarily had a browsing-based diet. Its teeth primarily served to vertically chew plant material. Taxonomy ''Zygolophodon'' belongs in the family Mammutidae, whose best known member is the American mastodon (''Mammut americanum''). The genus likely originated in Africa. The oldest species is ''Z. aegyptensis,'' known from Eg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammutidae
Mammutidae is an extinct family of proboscideans belonging to Elephantimorpha. It is best known for the mastodons (genus ''Mammut''), which inhabited North America from the Late Miocene (around 8 million years ago) until their extinction at the beginning of the Holocene, around 11,000 years ago. The earliest fossils of the group are known from the Late Oligocene of Africa, around 24 million years ago, and fossils of the group have also been found across Eurasia. The name "mastodon" derives from Greek, "nipple" and "tooth", referring to their characteristic teeth. Description Mammutids are characterised by their zygodont molars, where pairs of parallel cusps are merged into sharp-sided riges, which are morphologically conservative and differ little between mammutid species.'''' Like other members of Elephantimorpha, mammutids exhibited horizontal tooth replacement like modern elephants. Some authors have argued that horizontal tooth replacement evolved in parallel in mammu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammut
A mastodon, from Ancient Greek μαστός (''mastós''), meaning "breast", and ὀδούς (''odoús'') "tooth", is a member of the genus ''Mammut'' (German for 'mammoth'), which was endemic to North America and lived from the late Miocene to the early Holocene. Mastodons belong to the order Proboscidea, the same order as elephants and mammoths (which belong to the family Elephantidae). ''Mammut'' is the type genus of the extinct family Mammutidae, which diverged from the ancestors of modern elephants at least 27–25 million years ago, during the Oligocene. Like other members of Mammutidae, the molar teeth of mastodons have zygodont morphology (where parallel pairs of cusps are merged into sharp ridges), which strongly differ from those of elephantids. In comparison to its likely ancestor '' Zygolophodon'', ''Mammut'' is characterized by particularly long and upward curving upper tusks, reduced or absent tusks on the lower jaw, as well as the shortening of the mand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
