|
Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea
''Nitrification'' is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an aerobic process performed by small groups of autotrophic bacteria and archaea. Microbiology Ammonia oxidation The process of nitrification begins with the first stage of ammonia oxidation, where ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) get converted into nitrite (NO2−). This first stage is sometimes known as nitritation. It is performed by two groups of organisms, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) are typically Gram-negative bacteria and belong to Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, atmospheric, terrestrial ecosystem, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include nitrogen fixation, fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonia Monooxygenase
Ammonia monooxygenase (, ''AMO'') is an enzyme, which catalysis, catalyses the following chemical reaction : ammonia + AH2 + O2 \rightleftharpoons NH2OH + A + H2O Ammonia monooxygenase contains copper and possibly nonheme iron. AMO is the first enzyme in ammonia oxidation. Aerobic oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine via AMO is an endergonic reaction. So, all aerobic ammonia oxidizing organisms conserve energy by further oxidizing hydroxylamine. It was believed that aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria oxidize hydroxylamine to nitrite using octahaem hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO). Recently, it was shown that the product of HAO is not nitrite but nitric oxide, which is further oxidized to nitrite by an unknown enzyme. References External links * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 1.14.99 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Achille Müntz
Charles Achille Müntz (10 August 1846 – 20 February 1917) was a French people, French agricultural chemist. Biography He was born at Soultz-sous-Forêts, Alsace, studied under Jean-Baptiste Boussingault in Paris, and, after acting as his assistant for ten years, succeeded him as director of the chemical laboratories in the :fr:Institut national agronomique, Institut National Agronomique (1887–1914). From 1907 to 1914 he was also director of the research station for plant chemistry at Meudon (Collège de France).MÜNTZ Charles Achille Sociétés savantes de France He was a member of the Académie des sciences (1896–1917) and the Académie d'Agriculture (from 1915). Müntz made special research on the feeding of cattle and horses, and, following Boussingault's method, tested his theories by practice on great herds, on Parisian cab hor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Jacques Schloesing
Jean-Jacques is a French name, equivalent to "John James" in English. Since the second half of 18th century, Jean Jacques Rousseau was widely known as Jean Jacques. Notable people bearing this name include: Given name * Jean-Jacques Annaud (born 1943), French film director, screenwriter and producer * John James Audubon, born Jean-Jacques Rabin (1785–1851), American ornithologist and painter of Breton origin * Jean-Jacques Bertrand (1916–1973), Premier of Quebec, Canada * Jean-Jacques Burnel (born 1952), Franco-English musician, bassist * Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel (1811–1893), member of the Swiss Federal Council * Jean-Jacques Colin (1784-1865), French chemist * Jean-Jacques Conceição (born 1964), Angolan basketball player * Jean-Jacques von Dardel (1918–1989), Swedish diplomat * Jean-Jacques De Gucht (born 1983), Flemish politician and member of Open VLD * Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806), a leader of the Haïtian Revolution * Jean-Jacques Domoraud (born 1981 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berlin
Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, highest population within its city limits of any city in the European Union. The city is also one of the states of Germany, being the List of German states by area, third smallest state in the country by area. Berlin is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg, and Brandenburg's capital Potsdam is nearby. The urban area of Berlin has a population of over 4.6 million and is therefore the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region, as well as the List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP, fifth-biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Müller (chemist)
Alexander or Alexandre or Alex Müller may refer to: * Alexandre Müller (born 1997), French tennis player * K. Alex Müller (1927–2023), Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate * Alex Müller (racing driver) Alexander Müller (born 20 January 1979) is a German racing driver. Career Müller stepped up from karting in 1995, and finished third in BMW Formula Junior driving for Abt Sportsline. In 1996 he won Formula Renault Germany. Müller stepped up ... (born 1979), German racing driver * Alexander Müller (skeleton racer), Austrian skeleton racer * Alexander Müller (composer) (1808–1863), German pianist, teacher, conductor and composer * Alexander Müller (politician) (born 1969), German politician * Alexander Müller (chemist) (1828–1906), German agricultural chemist {{hndis, Muller, Alexander ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (, ; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, Fermentation, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him. His research in chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine. Pasteur's works are credited with saving millions of lives through the developments of vaccines for rabies vaccine, rabies and anthrax vaccine, anthrax. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern bacteriology and has been honored as the "father of bacteriology" and the "father of microbiology" (together with Robert Koch; the latter epithet also attributed to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek). Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation. Under the auspices of the French Aca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrospira Inopinata
''Nitrospira inopinata'' is a bacterium from the phylum Nitrospirota. This phylum contains nitrite-oxidizing bacteria playing role in nitrification. However ''N. inopinata'' was shown to perform complete ammonia oxidation to nitrate thus being the first comammox bacterium to be discovered. ''N. inopinata'' was cultivated in enrichment culture. Initial inoculum was obtained in 2011 from microbial biofilm growing on metal surface of the pipe covered by hot water (56 °C, pH 7.5), which was raised from 1 200m deep oil exploration well. The well was located in Aushiger, North Caucasus, Russia. The growth in pure culture was achieved in 2017. Genome of ''N. inopinata'' was released in 2015 represented by 3.3 Mbp, with 3 116 genes and 59.2% GC content. NCBI The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroflexota
The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis ( green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors. The members of the phylum ''Chloroflexota'' are monoderms (that is, have one cell membrane with no outer membrane), but they stain mostly gram-negative. Many well-studied phyla of bacteria are diderms and stain gram-negative, whereas well-known monoderms that stain Gram-positive include ''Firmicutes'' (or ''Bacillota'') ( low G+C gram-positives) and '' Actinomycetota'' (high-G+C gram-positives). History The taxon name was created in the 2001 edition of Volume 1 of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and is the Latin plural of the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonadota (synonym "Proteobacteria") is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. Currently, they are considered the predominant phylum within the domain of bacteria. They are naturally found as pathogenic and free-living (non- parasitic) genera. The phylum comprises six classes ''Acidithiobacillia, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Hydrogenophilia'', and '' Zetaproteobacteria.'' The Pseudomonadota are widely diverse, with differences in morphology, metabolic processes, relevance to humans, and ecological influence. Classification American microbiologist Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives". The group was later formally named the 'Proteobacteria' after the Greek god Proteus, who was known to assume many forms. In 2021 the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes designated the synonym Pseudomonadota, and renamed many other prokaryotic phyla as well. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrospinota
Nitrospinota is a bacterial phylum. Despite only few described species, members of this phylum are major nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in surface waters in oceans. By oxidation of nitrite to nitrate they are important in the process of nitrification in marine environments. Although the genus Nitrospina is an aerobic bacterium, it was shown to oxidize nitrite also in oxygen minimum zone of the ocean. Depletion of oxygen in such zones leads to preference of anaerobic processes such as denitrification and nitrogen loss through anammox. Nitrospina thus outweigh nitrogen loss by nitrification also in these oxygen depleted zones. Among the cultivated isolates within the genus ''Nitrospina'' are '' Nitrospina gracilis'' and '' Nitrospina watsonii''. Further genomes were resolved by culture-independent metagenome binning. The two ''Nitrospina'' species are, however, distantly related to environmentally abundant uncultured Nitrospinota. The two other strains were cultivated in 2020 eac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrospirota
The Nitrospirota are a phylum of bacteria. They include multiple genera such as '' Nitrospira'', the largest. History of knowledge The first member of this phylum, '' Nitrospira marina'', was discovered in 1985. The second member, '' Nitrospira moscoviensis'', was discovered in 1995. '' Nitrospira inopinata'' was discovered in 2015 and cultivated in 2017. Metabolism Nitrospirota contains nitrifying taxa which oxidize nitrite to nitrate (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB) and commamox bacteria: '' Nitrospira inopinata''. '' Dissulfurispira thermophila'' ( Thermodesulfovibrionia) grows by disproportionation of thiosulfate or elemental sulfur. Phylogeny Taxonomy The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). * Genus ?"''Candidatus'' Magnetomicrobium" Zhang et al. 2021 * Genus ?"''Candidatus'' Thermomagnetovibrio" Lefèvre et al. 2010 * Class Nit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
