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Almanzor
Abu ʿĀmir Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn Abi ʿĀmir al-Maʿafiri (), nicknamed al-Manṣūr (, "the Victorious"), which is often Latinized as Almanzor in Spanish, Almansor in Catalan language, Catalan and Almançor in Portuguese ( 938 – 8 August 1002), was a Muslim Arab al-Andalus, Andalusi military leader and politician, statesman. As the chancellor of the Caliphate of Córdoba, Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba and ''hajib'' (chamberlain) for Caliph Hisham II, Almanzor was effectively ruler of Islamic Iberia. Born in Turrush to a family of Yemeni Arab origin with some juridical ancestors, ibn Abi ʿĀmir left for Córdoba, Spain, Córdoba when still young to be trained as a ''faqīh''. After a few humble beginnings, he joined the court administration and soon gained the confidence of Subh of Córdoba, Subh, Umm al-walad, mother of the children of Caliph Al-Hakam II. Thanks to her patronage and his own efficiency, he quickly expanded his role. During the caliphate of Al-Hakam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subh Of Córdoba
Subh (; circa 940 – circa 999), also known as Aurora in the Basque Country, or as Sobeya, Sobha, or Ṣabīḥa Malikat Qurṭuba ('Sabiha, Queen of Córdoba'), was the wife of Caliph al-Hakam II of Córdoba (r. 961–976), and the regent of the Caliphate of Córdoba in al-Andalus during the minority of her son, Caliph Hisham II. Life Early life Subh was originally from Navarre by the name ''Aurora'', who was brought as a slave – a ''Jāriya'' – to be a concubine in the harem of the Caliph in Córdoba. Her origin has alternatively been identified as Basque from the Gascony region. Concubine In the Caliph's harem of Cordoba, Subh became the favorite concubine and then the wife of the Caliph al-Hakam. She was described as not only beautiful, but also as intelligent and analytical.Mernissi, Fatima; Mary Jo Lakeland (2003). The forgotten queens of Islam. Oxford University Press. . She was knowledgeable in music, poetry, and Arabic literature. When she had a son with al-Hakam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hisham II
Hisham II or Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah (, Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh; 966 – 1044) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Córdoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976 to 1009, and from 1010 to 1013. Reign In 976, at the age of 10, Hisham II succeeded his father Al-Hakam II as Caliph of Cordoba. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. In order to benefit the Caliphate, his mother Subh was aided by first minister Jafar al-Mushafi to act as regents with al-Mansur ibn Abi Aamir (better known as "Almanzor") as her steward. In 978 Almanzor manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain. In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate, Almanzor and General Ghalib al-Siklabi sabotaged the brother of Al-Hakam II who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba. Still too young to rule, Hisham II handed the reins of pow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Rahman Sanchuelo
Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi (9834 March 1009), nicknamed Sanchol ('little Sancho', Sanchuelo to later historians), was the ʿĀmirid '' hajib'' (chief minister) of the Caliphate of Córdoba under Caliph Hisham II from October 1008, at a time when actual power in the caliphate was vested in the ''hajib''. The Caliph nominated him as heir a month later, but he was deposed by a coup the following February. He was killed some weeks later during a vain attempt to regain power. Though an unpopular and highly flawed leader, his deposition led to the disintegration of the caliphate. Youth Sanchuelo was born in Córdoba, the son of the ''hajib'' Almanzor and a converted Christian named Abda. She was a daughter of Sancho II of Pamplona, likely originally named Urraca or Sancha. He was nicknamed Sanchol (), the diminutive of Sancho, after his Christian grandfather. His father had elevated the role of ''hajib'', once an advisory role, to become the ''de facto'' leader of the Córdoba calipha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hakam II
Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (; 13 January 915 – 1 October 976), was the Caliph of Córdoba. He was the second Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd-al-Rahman III and Murjan. He ruled from 961 to 976. Rule Al-Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd-ar-Rahman III in 961. He secured peace with the Catholic kingdoms of northern Iberia, and made use of the stability to develop agriculture through the construction of irrigation works. Economic development was also encouraged through the widening of streets and the building of markets. Whilst the internal administration was left increasingly to vizir Al-Mushafi, general Ghālib ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān was gradually gaining influence as leader of the army in North Africa. He was chiefly preoccupied with repulsing the last Norman attacks (c. 970), and with the struggle against the Zirids and the Fatimids in north ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Córdoba, Spain
Córdoba ( ; ), or sometimes Cordova ( ), is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the Province of Córdoba (Spain), province of Córdoba. It is the third most populated Municipalities in Spain, municipality in Andalusia. The city primarily lies on the right bank of the Guadalquivir in the south of the Iberian Peninsula. Once a Colonia (Roman), Roman colonia, it was taken over by the Visigothic Kingdom followed by the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, Muslim conquest in the eighth century. Córdoba became the capital of the Umayyad state of Córdoba, Emirate and then Caliphate of Córdoba, from which the Umayyad dynasty ruled all of al-Andalus until 1031. Under Umayyad rule, Córdoba was transformed into a centre of education and learning, and by the 10th century it had grown to be the second-largest city in Europe. The caliphate experienced a manifold political crisis in the early 11th century that brought about state collapse. Following the Siege of Córdoba ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calatañazor
Calatañazor is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2010 census ( INE), the municipality has a population of 70 inhabitants. The municipality is named after the tiny fortified city on top of a hill. Also situated in the municipality are the hamlets Aldehuela and Abioncillo. Abioncillo used to be abandoned like many forsaken hamlets in Spain, but in the 1980s was turned around by a few dedicated teachers into an educational center. In the valley between Calatañazor and Abioncillo, the Battle of Calatañazor took place in 1002. This place is still named ''el valle de la sangre'' (the Valley of Blood). Almanzor, the ruler of Muslim Al-Andalus, is by some historians said to have died in the battle and was buried in Medinaceli. There is a statue of him in Calatañazor. A certain kind of juniper tree, the Juniperus thurifera (Spanish juniper), grows in a close forest in the nature reserve of ''El Sabinar de Calatañazor''. Some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hajib
Hajib or hadjib (, ) was a court official, equivalent to a chamberlain, in the early Muslim world, which evolved to fulfil various functions, often serving as chief ministers or enjoying dictatorial powers. The post appeared under the Umayyad Caliphate, but gained in influence and prestige in the more settled court of the Abbasids, under whom it ranked as one of the senior offices of the state, alongside the vizier. From the early caliphates, the post spread to other areas under Muslim dominion: in al-Andalus the was always superior to the vizier and by the 10th century had come to wield enormous power as a ''de facto'' chancellor; in the eastern dynasties, the Samanids, Buyids and Ghaznavids, the title acquired a mainly military role; under the Seljuks, Ilkhanids and Timurids it reverted to its role as a court official; in Fatimid Egypt, the chief , styled ('Master of the Gate') or ('chamberlain of chamberlains, head chamberlain') was also an important official; under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hujariah
Al-Hujariah (), also known as Mikhlaf al-Maʿafir () (al-Maʿafir region) and Mapharitis (Μαφαρῖτις), is a mountainous region in southwestern Yemen. It has an estimated population of one million. Most of the region is located inside Taiz Governorate and some of it is located in Lahj Governorate. The region includes al-Qabitah District, al-Ma'afer District, Jabal Habashi District, al Maqatirah District, ash-Shamaytan District, as-Silw District, al-Wazi'iyah District and al-Mawasit District. History Al-Maʿafir is a Himyarite tribe. Al-Maʿafir region is mentioned in Greek sources as Mapharitis. According to Greek sources, the capital of Al-Maʿafir was Sawe (Σαυή), or modern-day Sawwa (). Ancient history 7th century BCE Sabaean campaign Al-Maʿafir region appears in many ancient South Arabian inscriptions. The oldest known inscription that mentions al-Maʿafir dates back to the seventh century BCE. The inscription is part of an inscription called ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hajib
Hajib or hadjib (, ) was a court official, equivalent to a chamberlain, in the early Muslim world, which evolved to fulfil various functions, often serving as chief ministers or enjoying dictatorial powers. The post appeared under the Umayyad Caliphate, but gained in influence and prestige in the more settled court of the Abbasids, under whom it ranked as one of the senior offices of the state, alongside the vizier. From the early caliphates, the post spread to other areas under Muslim dominion: in al-Andalus the was always superior to the vizier and by the 10th century had come to wield enormous power as a ''de facto'' chancellor; in the eastern dynasties, the Samanids, Buyids and Ghaznavids, the title acquired a mainly military role; under the Seljuks, Ilkhanids and Timurids it reverted to its role as a court official; in Fatimid Egypt, the chief , styled ('Master of the Gate') or ('chamberlain of chamberlains, head chamberlain') was also an important official; under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amirids
The ʿĀmirids (or Banū ʿĀmir) were the descendants and '' Ṣaqlabī'' (Slavic) clients of the house of the '' ḥājib'' ʿĀmir Muḥammad al-Manṣūr, the ''de facto'' ruler of the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba from 976 until 1002. A series of ʿĀmirid dictators were the powers behind the caliphal throne during the long reign of Hishām II. Four ʿĀmirid dynasties were established during the period of ''taifas'' (petty kingdoms) that followed the collapse of the caliphate: Valencia, Dénia, Almería and Tortosa. ''Ḥājib''s The following list is derived from . * Muḥammad ibn Abi ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr: 981–1002 * ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, son of prec.: 1002–1008 * ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ''Sanchuelo'', brother of prec.: 1008–1009 Ṣaqlabī dynasties Valencia The following list is derived from . * Mubārak and Muẓaffar: 1010/11–1017/18 *: ''to Tortosa Tortosa (, ) is the capital of the '' comarca'' of Baix Ebre, in Catalonia, Spain. Tortosa is located ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprising most of the region, as well as the tiny adjuncts of Andorra, Gibraltar, and, pursuant to the traditional definition of the Pyrenees as the peninsula's northeastern boundary, a small part of France. With an area of approximately , and a population of roughly 53 million, it is the second-largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula. Etymology The Iberian Peninsula has always been associated with the River Ebro (Ibēros in ancient Greek and Ibērus or Hibērus in Latin). The association was so well known it was hardly necessary to state; for example, Ibēria was the country "this side of the Ibērus" in Strabo. Pliny the Elder, Pliny goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called "the whole of the peninsula" Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name refers to the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula as well as Septimania under Umayyad rule. These boundaries changed through a series of conquests Western historiography has traditionally characterized as the ''Reconquista'',"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas – siquiera temporalmente – por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas – even temporarily – by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Spain, Portugal and France"), García de Cortázar, José Ángel. ''V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994'', Gobie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
