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Ali IV Of Bornu
Ali IV (''ʿ''Alī bin Ḥamdūn or ''ʿ''Alī bin al-Ḥājj Dunama) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1750–1791. Life Ali IV succeeded Dunama VIII Gana as ''mai'' in 1750. He was the son of ''mai'' Hamdan (r. 1726–1731), who is also called Dunama in some sources. Ali's reign is noted for repeated conflicts with the Mandara Kingdom to the southwest of Bornu. Mandara and the densely populated pagan lands surrounding it was attractive as an area for slave raids. Ali launched several campaigns against Mandara. Most of his wars were unsuccessful; in one of the campaigns Ali himself was wounded and much of his army perished. In 1781, a Mandara army invaded Bornu itself and killed many of its soldiers. Ali's defeats seriously weakened the Kanem–Bornu Empire and made it more vulnerable to the Fula jihads, which would sweep through the region a few decades after Ali's death. Ali was succeeded by his son Ahmad Ahmad () is an Arabic male given name common in mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mais Of Kanem–Bornu
The ''mai'' (sometimes translated as king or emperor) was the monarch of the Kanem–Bornu Empire from its foundation 700 until the ''mai''s were replaced as rulers by the List of shehus of Bornu, ''shehu''s in the mid-19th century. The line of ''mai''s is largely reconstructed through the ''girgam'', the empire's royal chronicle. The ''girgam'' was preserved through oral tradition before transcriptions by European scholars in the mid-19th century. The ''girgam'' is not entirely reliable since it was preserved orally and contains some contradictions between different versions. There is however a large degree of agreement across different versions of the ''girgam'' as to the names of rulers and the lengths of their reigns. Because the slightly different versions of the ''girgam'' and a lack of precise dates, names and lengths of reign assigned to the ''mai''s may differ in different sources. For the sake of comparison, this list includes dates from different authors for each ruler. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kanem–Bornu Empire
The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. The empire was sustained by the prosperous trans-Saharan trade and was one of the oldest and longest-lived List of kingdoms and empires in African history, empires in African history. The foundation and early history of the Kanem–Bornu Empire is poorly known. The state is typically dated to have been founded around the year 700, though it may have been established centuries earlier or later. The ruling Duguwa dynasty ruled from their capital Njimi in the Kanem (region), Kanem region and used the ruling title ''List of mais of Kanem–Bornu, mai''. By the 11th century, the Duguwa had been replaced by the Sayfawa dynasty and the empire had converted to Islam. Economic factors and conflict with the Bilala people caused the empire to lose Kanem in the 14th century. ''Mai'' Omar I of Kanem, Omar I re-centered the empire i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dunama VIII Gana
Dunama VIII Gana (Dunama bin Muḥammad) was the ''mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1747–1750. ''Gana'' is a nickname, meaning "the little". Life Dunama succeeded Muhammad VIII Ergama as ''mai'' in 1747. Dunama was probably Muhammad Ergama's son and was apparently young at the time of his accession. According to the German explorer Heinrich Barth Johann Heinrich Barth (; ; 16 February 1821 – 25 November 1865) was a German explorer of Africa and scholar. Barth is thought to be one of the greatest of the European explorers of Africa, as his scholarly preparation, ability to speak and wri ..., who visited Bornu in the mid-19th century, Dunama ruled for 2 years and 7 months, and the only noteworthy event of his short reign was a very severe famine. Dunama was succeeded in 1750 by Ali IV. Notes References Rulers of the Bornu Empire 18th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Of Bornu
Ahmad (Aḥmad bin ''ʿ''Alī), also called Ahmad Alimi, was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1791–1808. Life Ahmad succeeded his father Ali IV as ''mai'' in 1791. Ahmad was a pious and gentle scholar, not a military man. Ahmad ruled a severely weakend Kanem–Bornu Empire. In the decades prior to Ahmad's reign, the empire had suffered defeats against the Mandara Kingdom to the southwest. The empire may have suffered from a plague during Ahmad's reign, leaving it vulnerable to attack. Near the end of Ahmad's reign, by 1807 at the latest, the Kanem–Bornu Empire became threatened by the Fula jihads. When Daura was attacked by Fulani forces, Ahmad sent assistance to the town. To Ahmad's eyes, the Fulani attacks in his realm amounted to a Fulani revolt against his rule. Ahmad sent a letter to Usman dan Fodio, commander of the movement, inquiring of the cause of the attacks. Ahmad stated that his people were Muslim, that he considered himself to be the Commander of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad IX Ngileruma
Muhammad IX Ngileruma (Muḥammad Ngileruma bin ʿAlī bin Ḥamdūn) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1811–1814. Life Muhammad Ngileruma was a son of ''mai'' Ali IV (1750–1791). By 1811, the reign of Muhammad's nephew Dunama IX Lefiami had inspired considerable discontent among the courtiers and nobility of the empire. Dunama had failed to deal with the invasion of the empire in the Fula jihads, with leadership instead mainly falling on the scholar and religious leader Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi. Al-Kanemi's growing influence and power as a result of his victories also represented a threat to the empire's establishment. In 1811, Dunama was deposed in a palace revolt and replaced as ''mai'' with Muhammad Ngileruma. The conspirators argued that they were acting justly by pointing to the fact that Dunama had become ''mai'' with the abdication of his father, Ahmad, and had thus irregularly acceded to the position while his predecessor was still alive. The conspi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamdan Of Bornu
Hamdan (Ḥamdūn bin Dunama), also known as Hajj-Hamdan (al-Ḥājj Ḥamdūn) and Hajj-Dunama (al-Ḥājj Dunama), was the ''mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1726–1731. Life Hamdan was the son of Dunama VII, who he succeeded as ''mai'' in 1726. He is known to have fought against the Mandara Kingdom, southwest of Bornu. According to the German explorer Heinrich Barth Johann Heinrich Barth (; ; 16 February 1821 – 25 November 1865) was a German explorer of Africa and scholar. Barth is thought to be one of the greatest of the European explorers of Africa, as his scholarly preparation, ability to speak and wri ..., who visited Bornu in the mid-19th century, Hamdan was "a pious and indolent king, who appears to have made a pilgrimage". Hamdan was succeeded by his son Muhammad VIII Ergama in 1731. References Rulers of the Bornu Empire 18th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandara Kingdom
The Mandara Kingdom (sometimes called Wandala or the Kingdom of Medra) was an African kingdom in the Mandara Mountains of what is today Cameroon. The Mandara people are descended from the kingdom's inhabitants. History Tradition states that Mandara was founded shortly before 1500 by a female ruler named ''Soukda'' and a non-Mandarawa hunter named ''Gaya''. The kingdom was first referred to by Fra Mauro (in 1459) and Leo Africanus (in 1526); the provenance of its name remains uncertain. Medra is mostly likely the original name of Mandara, one letter being obliterated in Leo's Arabic notes. Leo acknowledges the Kingdom of Medra (Mandara) for their good governors and rulers. The inhabitants of Medra are rich and industrious people, visited often, and great lovers of justice and equity. The region of Medra is listed on the Africae Tabula Nova in 1570. Leo Africanus visited the Kingdom of Medra, located in the south. For the kingdom's first century of history, its rulers warr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fula Jihads
The Fula (or Fulani) jihads () sometimes called the Fulani revolution were a series of jihads that occurred across West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries, led largely by the Muslim Fula people, Fulani people. The jihads and the jihad states came to an end with Scramble for Africa, European colonization. The earliest Fulbe polity was established in Bundu (state), Bundu in 1690. The first armed uprising took place in Futa Jallon in 1725, when Fula pastoralists, assisted by Muslim traders, rose against the indigenous chiefdoms. By 1750, the Fula had established the Imamate of Futa Jallon and placed the region under sharia law. Their success inspired the Toucouleur people, Toucouleurs on the banks of the lower Senegal river, Senegal to establish their own state, the Imamate of Futa Toro, through a series of wars between 1769 and 1776. In the early 19th century, the jihad movement spread eastward to the Hausa states. The revolutionary Usman dan Fodio, through Fulani War, a ser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rulers Of The Bornu Empire
A ruler, sometimes called a rule, scale, line gauge, or metre/meter stick, is an instrument used to make length measurements, whereby a length is read from a series of markings called "rules" along an edge of the device. Usually, the instrument is rigid and the edge itself is a straightedge ("ruled straightedge"), which additionally allows one to draw straighter lines. Rulers are an important tool in geometry, geography and mathematics. They have been used since at least 2650 BC. Variants Rulers have long been made from different materials and in multiple sizes. Historically, they were mainly wood but plastics have also been used. They can be created with length markings instead of being scribed. Metal is also used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for straight-line cutting. Typically in length, though some can go up to 100 cm, it is useful for a ruler to be on a des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
