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Albetovirus
''Albetovirus'' is a plant satellite virus genus. As a member of realm ''Riboviria'' without assigned family or order it contains just three species, ''Tobacco albetovirus 1'', ''2'', and ''3'' (alias Satellite tobacco necrosis virus 1, 2, respectively C). The three virus species included in this genus represent satellite viruses that depend for their replication on helper viruses of the genera '' Alphanecrovirus'' or '' Betanecrovirus'' (prior to 2011 together referred to as ''Necrovirus'', family '' Tombusviridae''). These satellite viruses may not be confused with Satellite tobacco mosaic virus, which is also known as Satellite tobacco necrosis virus (just that), member of genus '' Virtovirus''. Etymology The genus name, ''Albetovirus,'' is a combination of ''Al,'' for ''Alphanecrovirus,'' ''be,'' for ''Betanecrovirus,'' and ''to'' for ''tobacco.''. Virology Viruses of genus ''Albetovirus'' have a genome consisting of linear single-stranded RNA of positive polarity, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satellite Virus
A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major groups: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satellite Viruses
A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major groups: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The symbio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riboviria
''Riboviria'' is a Realm (virology), realm of viruses that includes all viruses that use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication. It includes RNA viruses that Genetic code, encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well as Pararnavirae, reverse-transcribing viruses (with either RNA or DNA genomes) that encode an Reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, produces RNA (ribonucleic acid) from RNA. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RdDp), also called reverse transcriptase (RT), produces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from RNA. These enzymes are essential for Viral replication, replicating the viral genome and Transcription (biology), transcribing viral genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) for Translation (biology), translation of viral proteins. ''Riboviria'' was established in 2018 to accommodate all RdRp-encoding RNA viruses and was expanded a year later to also include RdDp-encoding viruses. These two grou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphanecrovirus
''Alphanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Alphanecrovirus nicotianae'', Tobacco necrosis virus A Tobacco necrosis virus A (TNV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family ''Tombusviridae''. Hosts and symptoms Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) can thrive on a handful of viable hosts. These hosts include tobacco, zucchini, cucumbers, carrots, Fre ... * ''Alphanecrovirus oleae'', Olive latent virus 1 * ''Alphanecrovirus solani'', Potato necrosis virus * ''Alphanecrovirus tessellati'', Olive mild mosaic virus Structure Viruses in ''Alphanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betanecrovirus
''Betanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmente ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Betanecrovirus betae'', Beet black scorch virus * ''Betanecrovirus nicotianae'', Tobacco necrosis virus D * ''Betanecrovirus porri'', Leek white stripe virus Structure Viruses in ''Betanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm in diameter. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tombusviridae
''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmented (monopartite) linear genome, with the exception of Dianthoviruses, whose genome is bipartite. The genome is approximately 4.6–4.8kb in length, lacks a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, and it encodes 4–6 ORFs. The polymerase encodes an amber stop codon which is the site of a readthrough event within ORF1, producing two products necessary for replication. There is no helicase encoded by the virus. ICTVFamily - Tombusviridae in: Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2012, pp 1111-1138, 23 November 2011, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00096-3 Structure The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahedral (T=3) capsid, composed of 180 units of a single coat protein 27–42K in size; the virion meas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virtovirus
''Tobacco virtovirus 1'', informally called Tobacco mosaic satellite virus, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), or tobacco mosaic satellite virus, is a satellite virus first reported in ''Nicotiana glauca'' from southern California, U.S.. Its genome consists of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA. ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' is a small, icosahedral plant virus which worsens the symptoms of infection by ''Tobacco mosaic virus'' (TMV). Satellite viruses are some of the smallest possible reproducing units in nature; they achieve this by relying on both the host cell and a host-virus (in this case, TMV) for the machinery necessary for them to reproduce. The entire ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' particle consists of 60 identical copies of a single protein (CP) that make up the viral capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome
A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondrial DNA, mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplast DNA, chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been Whole-genome sequencing, sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; the first genome sequence of a prokaryote (''Haemophilus influenzae'') was published in 1995; the yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. The Human Genome Project ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive-strand RNA Virus
Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translation (biology), translated into viral proteins by the host cell, host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla ''Kitrinoviricota'', ''Lenarviricota'', and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically classes ''Pisoniviricetes'' and ''Stelpaviricetes, Stelpavirictes'') all of which are in the kingdom ''Orthornavirae'' and Realm (virology), realm ''Riboviria''. They are Monophyly, monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Code
Genetic code is a set of rules used by living cell (biology), cells to Translation (biology), translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries. The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein biosynthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the Codon tables, RNA codon table). That scheme is often called the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply ''the'' genetic code, though #Variations, variant codes (suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Plant Pathogens And Diseases
The word ''Viral'' means "relating to viruses" (small infectious agents). It may also refer to: Viral behavior, or virality Memetic behavior likened that of a virus, for example: * Viral marketing, the use of existing social networks to spread a marketing message * Viral phenomenon, relating to contagion theory or the "virality" of network culture, such as a meme * Viral video Viral videos are video, videos that become popular through viral phenomenon, a viral process of Internet sharing, primarily through video sharing websites such as YouTube as well as social media and email.Lu Jiang, Yajie Miao, Yi Yang, ZhenZhon ..., a video that quickly attains a high popularity Titled works * Viral (2016 American film), ''Viral'' (2016 American film), a 2016 American science fiction horror drama * Viral (2016 Hindi film), ''Viral'' (2016 Hindi film), an Indian Bollywood film based on social media * Viral (upcoming film), ''Viral'' (upcoming film), an American psychological thri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
