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Al-Mufid
Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid () and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Iraqi Twelver Shia theologian. His father was a teacher (''mu'allim''), hence the name Ibn al-Mu'allim. The title "al-Mufid" was given to him either by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam, or by al-Rummani, a Mu'tazilite scholar, after a conversation with him. The leader of the Shia community, he was a mutakallim, theologian, and Shia jurist. He was taught by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Ibn Qulawayh, Abu Abdallah al-Basri and al-Rummani, and Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. Only 10 of his 200 works have survived, among which are ''Amali'', ''Al-Irshad'', ''Al-Muqni'ah'', and ''Tashih al-Itiqadat''. Early life and education Al-Mufid was born in 'Ukbara, a small town to the north of Baghdad, on 11th Dhul Qa'dah in 336 Hijra. According to Shaykh Tusi, however, he was born in 338 AH, and later mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twelver
Twelver Shi'ism (), also known as Imamism () or Ithna Ashari, is the Islamic schools and branches, largest branch of Shia Islam, Shi'a Islam, comprising about 90% of all Shi'a Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the last Imam, Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi, Imam al-Mahdi, lives in Occultation (Islam), occultation (''ghayba'') and will reappear as "the awaited Mahdi" (''al-Mahdi al-muntazar''). Twelver Shi'as believe that the Twelve Imams are divinely appointed as both spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and that they possess special knowledge and authority to guide the Muslim community. According to theology of Twelvers, Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who rule over the Ummah, Muslim community (''Ummah'') with justice, and are able to preserve and interpret the Sharia, Islamic law (Sharia) and the Esoteric inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharif Razi
Abū al-Ḥasan Muḥammad bin al-Ḥusayn bin Mūsā al-Abrash al-Mūsawī (; 970 – 1015), also known as al-Sharīf al-Raḍī () was an Iraqi Shia scholar and poet. Al-Radi wrote several books on Islamic issues and interpretation of the Quran. His most well-known book is '' Nahj al-Balagha''. His elder brother al-Sharif al-Murtada was also a theologian and poet. His work is still published in the universities of Cairo and Beirut, and is part of the course of Arabic literature. Pedigree Al-Radi's father, Abu Ahmad al-Husayn ibn Musa, was a descendant of Ibrahim al-Asghar, the son of the seventh Shia imam, Musa al-Kazim. There are also claims that he is the descendant of Ibrahim al-Mujab, the grandson of al-Kazim. His mother was the granddaughter of Hasan al-Utrush, a descendant of the fourth Shia imam, Ali Zayn al-Abidin. For this reason, he was also known as ''thil hasabayn'' (the possessor of two lineages), since he relates back to the Ahl al-Bayt paternally and mate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (), full name ''Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tusi'' (), known as Shaykh al-Ta'ifah () was a Persian scholar of the Twelver school of Shia Islam. He is the author of two of the Four Books of hadith; namely, '' Tahdhib al-Ahkam'' and ''al-Istibsar'', and is believed to have founded the Hawza of Najaf. In addition, he was a scholar of '' ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh'' and is widely acknowledged as one of the most influential thinkers in Shi’i history. Life Shaykh Tusi was born 995 AD in Tus, Iran, and by 1018 AD he was living under the rule of the Buyid dynasty. Tusi's birth is considered a miracle, as he was born after the twelfth Imam of Shia, al-Mahdi's, supplications. He started his education in Tus, where he mastered many of the Islamic sciences of that period. He later studied in Baghdad, which was taken by Tughril-bek in 1055 AD. There he entered into the circles of Shaykh Al-Mufid as a paramount teacher. He started writing some of his earlier works in his twen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Qulawayh
Ibn Qūlawayh () (died in Baghdad, 978 or 979 AD) was a Twelver Shia traditionalist and jurist. He is one of the authoritative traditionalists among the Shia. Life His official name was Ibn Qūlawayh (Qūlūya), Abu'l-Qasem Ja'Far b. Moḥammad b. Jaʿfar b. Mūsāb. Qūlawayh Qomī Baḡdādī Abdullah Ashari may have been among his teachers. It seems that he began his education in Qom. He traveled to other places to study the Hadith. He visited Iraq and resided there while he was ill. Many of his teachers were in Iraq such as Ibn Edris Qomi, Ali Ibn Babewayh Qomi, Ibn Valid Qomi, Ibn Oqdah, Abu Omar Kashi, Abdul Aziz Ibn Yahya Jaloudi, Ibn Homam Iskafi and his father Muhammad and his brother Ali. Transmitters of Hadith There are some bodies among transmitters of Hadith for Qulawayh like Ibn Abdoon, Ibn Ayyash Johari, Ibn Babawayh, Ibn Shazan Qomi, Ibn Nouh Sirafi, and Haroun Ibn Musa talakbari who are used by Qulawayh. About his reliability, we could say that Shaykh Mofid mentio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaykh Al-Saduq
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (Persian: ; –991), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh (Persian: ) or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (Persian: ), was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled '' Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'' (), forms part of The Four Books of the Shia Hadith collection.Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.135. Scarecrow Press. . Life The patronymic, ''Ibn Babawayh'' indicates a Persian origin, as ''Babawayh'' is an Arabic form of the Persian name ''Babuyah''.Fyzee A. "A Shi'ite Creed." Calcutta, 1942 p8 footnote 2. For some length of time, unknown, the family had been devout adherents of Shia Islam. Ibn Babawayh's father, Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi (d. 939 CE) was a leading figure among the Islamic scholars of Qom.''Man la yahduruhu al-faqih.'' al-Musawi al-Khurasan H. Teheran, 1390. pages h-w. Birth The exact date of Ibn Babawayh's birth is not known. Shia scholars consider his birth to be after the year 305 A.H. ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Al-Mahdi
Muhammad al-Mahdi () is believed by the Twelver Shia to be the last of the Twelve Imams and the eschatological Mahdi, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem Islam. Hasan al-Askari, the eleventh Imam, died in 260 AH (873–874), possibly poisoned by the Abbasids. Immediately after his death, his main representative, Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi, claimed that the eleventh Imam had an infant son named Muhammad, who was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution. Uthman also claimed to represent Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation. Other local representatives of al-Askari largely supported these assertions, while the Shia community fragmented into several sects over al-Askari's succession. All these sects, however, are said to have disappeared after a few decades except the Twelvers, who accept the son of al-Askari as the twelfth and final Imam in occultation. Uthman was followed by three more agents, col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Babawayh
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi ( Persian: ; –991), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh (Persian: ) or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (Persian: ), was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled '' Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'' (), forms part of The Four Books of the Shia Hadith collection. Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.135. Scarecrow Press. . Life The patronymic, ''Ibn Babawayh'' indicates a Persian origin, as ''Babawayh'' is an Arabic form of the Persian name ''Babuyah''.Fyzee A. "A Shi'ite Creed." Calcutta, 1942 p8 footnote 2. For some length of time, unknown, the family had been devout adherents of Shia Islam. Ibn Babawayh's father, Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi (d. 939 CE) was a leading figure among the Islamic scholars of Qom.''Man la yahduruhu al-faqih.'' al-Musawi al-Khurasan H. Teheran, 1390. pages h-w. Birth The exact date of Ibn Babawayh's birth is not known. Shia scholars consider his birth to be after the yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theologian
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the supernatural, but also deals with religious epistemology, asks and seeks to answer the question of revelation. Revelation pertains to the acceptance of God, gods, or deities, as not only transcendent or above the natural world, but also willing and able to interact with the natural world and to reveal themselves to humankind. Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument ( experiential, philosophical, ethnographic, historical, and others) to help understand, explain, test, critique, defend or promote any myriad of religious topics. As in philosophy of ethics and case law, arguments often assume the existence of previously resolved questions, and develop by making analogies from them to draw new inferences in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutakallim
''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ('' usul al-din''), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. Kalām was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters, and to defend against heretical and religious innovations (''bidʿah''). A scholar of ''kalam'' is referred to as a ''mutakallim'' (plural ''mutakallimun''), a role distinguished from those of Islamic philosophers and jurists. After its first beginnings in the late Umayyad period, the Kalām experienced its rise in the early Abbasid period, when the Caliph al-Mahdi commissioned Mutakallimūn to write books against the followers of Iranian religions, and the Barmakid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid held Kalām discussions with members of various rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
