|
Afaq Khoja (Miskiya)
Afaq Khoja (), born Hidayat Allah (; ), also known as Apaq Xoja or more properly Āfāq Khwāja (), was a Naqshbandi īshān and political leader with the title of Khwaja in Kashgaria (in present-day Southern Xinjiang, China). He was also known as Khwāja Hidāyat Allāh (خواجه هدایتالله). Spelling variants In Chinese, Afaq Khoja is known as . His name is also written as (''Āpàkè Huòjiā'') or (''Āpàkè Hézhuō'') and occasionally just (''Āpà Huòjiā''); ''Khoja'' may also appear as (Hézhuō). In the Uyghur Latin alphabet, it is written as ''Apaq Xoja'' and in Modern Uyghur script as . Biography Afaq Khoja was a great-grandson of the noted Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani (احمد کاسانی) (1461–1542) (also known as ''Makhdūm-i`Azam'', مخدومِ اعظم, "the Great Master") and was revered as a Sufi teacher in his own right. Afaq was born in 1626 in Kumul, where his father Muhammad Yusuf Khoja preached. His mother Zul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afaq Khoja Mausoleum
The Afaq Khoja Mausoleum is a mausoleum in Xinjiang; it is the holiest Muslim site in the region. It is located some 5km northeast from the centre of Kashgar, in Haohan Village (; ''Ayziret'' in Uyghur), which is also known as Yaghdu., page 75. The shrine is visited by sightseers and has been designated as a tourist attraction by Chinese officials. History The '' mazar'' (mausoleum) was initially built in ca. 1640 as the tomb of Muhammad Yūsuf, a Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi master who had come to the Altishahr region (present-day Southern Xinjiang) in the early 17th century and possibly was also active in spreading Sufism in China proper.Due to scanty and imprecise documentary evidence, the late career of Muhammad Yūsuf and the date of his death remain uncertain. According to Joseph Fletcher's research, Muhammad Yūsuf had worked among Hui and Salar people in present-day Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the mid-17th century, then returned to Altishahr and died there in 1653, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yarkent Khanate
The Yarkent Khanate, also known as the Yarkand Khanate and the Kashghar Khanate, was a Sunni Muslim Turkic peoples, Turkic state ruled by the Mongols, Mongol descendants of Chagatai Khan. It was founded by Sultan Said Khan in 1514 as a western offshoot of Moghulistan, itself an eastern offshoot of the Chagatai Khanate. It was eventually conquered by the Dzungar Khanate in 1705. Capital Yarkant County, Yarkent served as the capital of the Yarkent Khanate, which was also known as the Yarkent State (''Mamlakati Yarkand''), from the establishment of the Khanate (1514 AD) to its fall (1705 AD). The previous Dughlat state of Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (1465–1514) of Kashgar Prefecture, Kashgaria also used Yarkant County, Yarkent as the capital of state. History Background The Khanate was predominantly Uyghurs, Uyghur/Turki; some of its most populated cities were Hotan, Yarkand County, Yarkent, Kashgar, Yengisar County, Yangihissar, Aksu, Xinjiang, Aksu, Uchturpan County, Uchturpan, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dzungar Conquest Of Altishahr
The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Yarkent Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang). It put a final end to the independence of the Chagatai Khanate. Conquest The Turkic Muslim sedentary people of the Tarim Basin were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate (or its offshoot the Yarkent Khanate) while the nomadic Oirat Dzungar Buddhists in Dzungaria ruled over the Dzungar Khanate. The Dzungar Oirats led by Sengge attacked the Chagatai Khanate during the reign of Abdullah Khan. The Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, had replaced the Chagatayid Khans as the ruling authority of the Tarim Basin in the early 17th century. There was a struggle between two factions of Khojas, the Afaqi (White Mountain) faction and the Ishaqi (Black Mountain) faction. The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi, which resulted in the Afaqi Khoja inviting the 5th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galdan Boshugtu Khan
Galdan Boshugtu Khan (1644 – 3 May 1697) was a Choros- Oirat khan of the Dzungar Khanate. As fourth son of Erdeni Batur, founder of the Dzungar Khanate, Galdan was a descendant of Esen Taishi, the powerful Oirat Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty who united all Mongols in the 15th century. Galdan's mother was a daughter of Güshi Khan, the first Khoshut- Oirat King of Tibet. Early years and consolidation of power At the age of 7, Galdan was sent to Lhasa to be educated as a lama under the 5th Dalai Lama at Tashilhunpo Monastery. He spent 20 years studying Buddhist canons, philosophy, astronomy, astrology and basics of medicine and pharmacology. In this sense, he was one of the best educated kings in Mongolian history. He backed his brother Sengge's claim to the title Khan of the Dzungars against the pretensions of their half-brothers Sechen and Tsodba Batur. With the support of Ochirtu Khan of the Khoshut, Sengge solidified his rule in 1661. Nevertheless, the two br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dzungar People
The Dzungar people (also written as Zunghar or Junggar; from the Mongolian language, Mongolian words , meaning 'left hand') are the many Mongol Oirats, Oirat tribes who formed and maintained the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th and 18th centuries. Historically, they were one of the major tribes of the Four Oirat confederation. They were also known as the Eleuths or Ööled, from the Qing dynasty euphemism for the hated word "Dzungar", and as the "Kalmyks". In 2010, 15,520 people claimed "Ööled" ancestry in Mongolia. An unknown number also live in China, Russia and Kazakhstan. Origin The Dzungars were a confederation of several Oirats, Oirat tribes that emerged in the early 17th century to fight the Altan Khan of the Khalkha (not to be confused with the better-known Altan Khan, Altan Khan of the Tümed), Tümen Zasagt Khan, and later the Manchu people, Manchu for dominion and control over the Mongolian people and territories. This confederation rose to power in what became known as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dzungar Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate ( Mongolian: ), also known as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south, and from present-day west of Mongolia and the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang, also called Dzungaria. About 1620 the western Mongols, known as the Oirats, united in the Junggar Basin in Dzungaria. In 1678, Galdan received from the Dalai Lama the title of ''Boshogtu Khan'', making the Dzungars the leading tribe within the Oirats. The Dzungar rulers used the title of Khong Tayiji, which translates into English as "crown prince". Between 1680 and 1688, the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin, which is now southern Xinjiang, and defeated the Khalkha Mongols to the east. In 1696, Galdan was defeated by the Qing dy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5th Dalai Lama
The 5th Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (; ; 1617–1682) was recognized as the 5th Dalai Lama, and he became the first Dalai Lama to hold both Tibet's political and spiritual leadership roles. He is often referred to simply as the Great Fifth, being the key religious and temporal leader of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibet. He is credited with unifying all of Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang, after Gushri Khan's successful military interventions. As an independent head of state, he established priest and patron relations with both Mongolia and the Qing dynasty simultaneously, and had positive relations with other neighboring countries. He began the custom of meeting early European explorers. The 5th Dalai Lama built the Potala Palace, and also wrote 24 volumes' worth of scholarly and religious works on a wide range of subjects. Early life To understand the context within which the Dalai Lama institution came to hold temporal power in Tibet during the lifetime of the 5th, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ismail Khan (Moghul Khan)
Ismail Khan ( Chagatai and Persian: اسماعیل خان) was Khan of Yarkand and Kashgar between 1666 and 1669. He was replaced by Ilbars Khan from 1669–1670. His khanship was restored from 1670–1680. War with Dzungars In 1680 Galdan Boshugtu Khan led 120,000 Dzungar cavalry into the Tarim Basin through Aksu and Turpan towards Kashgar and Yarkand with the help of Afaq Khoja Afaq Khoja (), born Hidayat Allah (; ), also known as Apaq Xoja or more properly Āfāq Khwāja (), was a Naqshbandi īshān and political leader with the title of Khoja (Turkestan), Khwaja in Kashgaria (in present-day Southern Xinjiang, China). ... of the s and his followers. The army made good progress in their advance. The Chagatai Khanate, Chagatai ruler Ismail Khan's son Babak Sultan led his troops and offered fierce resistance only to perish in battle. Having occupied Kashgar, the Dzungar army immediately advanced upon Yarkand. The general Yiwazibo (Iwaz Beg), sent to oppose their advance was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and conquests, a series of military campaigns, conquering large parts of Mongol conquest of China, China and Mongol invasion of Central Asia, Central Asia. Born between 1155 and 1167 and given the name Temüjin, he was the eldest child of Yesugei, a Mongol chieftain of the Borjigin, Borjigin clan, and his wife Hö'elün. When Temüjin was eight, his father died and his family was abandoned by its tribe. Reduced to near-poverty, Temüjin killed Behter, his older half-brother to secure his familial position. His charismatic personality helped to attract his first followers and to form alliances with two prominent Eurasian Steppe, steppe leaders named Jamukha and Toghrul; they worked together to retrieve Temüjin's newlywed wife Börte, who had b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chagatai Khan
Chagatai Khan (; – 1242) was a son of Genghis Khan and a prominent figure in the early Mongol Empire. The second son of Genghis's wife Börte, Chagatai was renowned for his masterful knowledge of Mongol custom and law, which he scrupulously obeyed, and his harsh temperament. Because Genghis felt that he was too inflexible in character, most notably never accepting the legitimacy of his elder brother Jochi, he excluded Chagatai from succession to the Mongol throne. He was nevertheless a key figure in ensuring the stability of the empire after Genghis's death and during the reign of his younger brother Ögedei Khan. Chagatai held military commands alongside his brothers during the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty in 1211 and the invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219. During the latter, he was appointed to a key role in organising logistics in addition to battlefield responsibilities, but was censured after feuding with Jochi during the Siege of Gurganj. After the ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yassa
The Yassa (alternatively ''Yasa'', ''Yasaq'', ''Jazag'' or ''Zasag''; ) was the oral law code of the Mongols, gradually built up through the reign of Genghis Khan. It was the '' de facto'' law of the Mongol Empire, even though the "law" was kept secret and never made public. The Yassa seems to have its origin in wartime decrees, which were later codified and expanded to include cultural and lifestyle conventions. By keeping the Yassa secret, the decrees could be modified and used selectively. It is believed that the Yassa was supervised by Genghis Khan himself and his adopted son Shigi Qutuqu, then the high judge (in ) of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan appointed his second son, Chagatai (later Chagatai Khan), to oversee the laws' execution. Etymology The word ''yasa'' (or ''Yassa'') exists in both Mongolic and Turkic languages. It is believed that the word derives from the Proto-Mongolian verb *''jasa-'' (Modern ), which means "to set in order". The Turkic verb ''yasa-'', whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharia
Sharia, Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah () is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on Islamic holy books, scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran, Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology ''sharīʿah'' refers to immutable, intangible divine law; contrary to ''fiqh'', which refers to its interpretations by Ulama, Islamic scholars. Sharia, or fiqh as traditionally known, has always been used alongside urf, customary law from the very beginning in Islamic history; has been elaborated and developed over the centuries by fatwa, legal opinions issued by mufti, qualified jurists – reflecting the tendencies of Schools of Fiqh, different schools – and integrated and with various economic, penal and administrative laws issued by Muslims, Muslim rulers; and implemented for centuries by Qadi, judges in the courts until recent times, when secularism was widely adopted in Islamic societies. Traditional Principles of Islamic jurisprudence, theory o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
