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Adyghe Language
Adyghe ( or ; also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. It is spoken mainly in Russia, as well as in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Israel, where Circassians settled after the Circassian genocide (–1870) by the Russian Empire. It is closely related to the Kabardian language, Kabardian (East Circassian) language, though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian languages, Circassian language. The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its Temirgoy dialect. Adyghe and Russian language, Russian are the two official languages of the Adygea, Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation. In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in Turkey, spoken by the diaspora from the Russo-Circassian War, Russian–Circassi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adygea
Adygea ( ), officially the Republic of Adygea or the Adygean Republic, is a republics of Russia, republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is a part of the Southern Federal District, and covers an area of , with a population of roughly 496,934 residents. It is an enclave within Krasnodar Krai and is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area. Maykop is the capital city, capital and the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population. Adygea is one of Russia's Ethnic groups in Russia, ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people that form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form a majority at 60%, and with minority populations of Armenians and Ukrainians. The official languages of Adygea are Adyghe language, Adyghe and Russian language, Russian. History The Adyghe Autonomous Oblast, Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yegeruqwai
The Yegeruqway (; Russian: Егерукаевцы, ''Yegerukaevtsy'') were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. There is also a small town with a form of the same name Egerukhay (Russian: Егерухай, ''Yegerukhaj'') in the Koshekhablsky District, Adygea, Russia. The Yegeruqway currently reside in said town, other places of habitation include Khatazhukay and Dzherokay. See also Other Adyghe tribes: * Abzakh * Besleney * Bzhedug * Hatuqwai * Kabardian * Mamkhegh * Natukhai * Shapsug The Shapsug ( , , , , ) (also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassians, Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups of the Black Sea Adyghe (Причерноморск ... * Temirgoy * Ubykh * Zhaney References Destroyed Circassian tribes Adygea {{Caucasus-ethno-group-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northwest Caucasian Language
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages (from Ancient Greek, ''pontos'', referring to the Black Sea, in contrast to the Northeast Caucasian languages as the ''Caspian languages''), is a family of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) chiefly in three Russian republics (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia), the disputed territory of Abkhazia, Georgia, and Turkey, with smaller communities scattered throughout the Middle East. The group's relationship to any other language family is uncertain and unproven. One language, Ubykh, became extinct in 1992, while all of the other languages are in some form of endangerment, with UNESCO classifying all as either "vulnerable", "endangered", or "severely endangered". The Northwest Caucasian languages possess highly complex sets of consonant distinctions paired with a lack of vowel disti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Alphabet
The Persian alphabet (), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language. It is a variation of the Arabic script with four additional letters: (the sounds 'g', 'zh', 'ch', and 'p', respectively), in addition to the obsolete that was used for the sound . This letter is no longer used in Persian, as the -sound changed to , e.g. archaic > 'language'. It was the basis of many Arabic-based scripts used in Central and South Asia. It is used for both Iranian and Dari: standard varieties of Persian; and is one of two official writing systems for the Persian language, alongside the Cyrillic-based Tajik alphabet. The script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive, meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhaney
The Zhaney (; ), or Jane, were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Modern descendants live in Adygea. History The Zhaney were a very powerful Circassian tribe in the past. They lived the north of the Natukhai tribe's land on the coast of the Black Sea and Azov Sea in Eastern Europe. A map of the 17th century also shows they lived right by the coast of the lower flow of Kubans, beyond Taman and Atchu. As a result of the bloody Russian–Circassian War and the subsequent genocide, the Zhaney tribe was almost wholly destroyed, as only 3 families survived, those being Zhane, Zhanov, and Zhenetl'. See also * Other Circassian tribes: * Abzakh * Besleney * Bzhedug * Hatuqwai * Kabardian * Mamkhegh * Natukhai * Shapsug The Shapsug ( , , , , ) (also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassians, Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Northwest Caucasian Language
Proto-Northwest Caucasian (sometimes abbreviated PNWC), also ''Proto-Adyghe-Abazgi'' or Proto-Adyghe-Abkhaz, is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Phonology Consonants # In Circassian and Abkhaz, gʷǝ is heart and in Ubykh it's gʲǝ. The most noticeable changes are: *The uvular consonants (/χ/ /ʁ/ /χʷ/ /ʁʷ/) become pharyngeal consonants (/ħ/ /ʕ/ /ħʷ/ /ʕʷ/) in the Proto-Abazgi language. Grammar Numbers Vocabulary See also * Proto-Circassian language Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages. Phonology Consonants The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricat ... * Proto-Abazgi language References *STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological DictionaryPreface External links Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology{{North Caucasian languages Northwest Cau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Circassian Language
Proto-Circassian (or Proto-Adyghe–Kabardian) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Adyghean and Kabardian languages. Phonology Consonants The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives. Aspirated consonants to plain In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of aspirated consonants that survived in the Shapsug and Bzhedugh dialect while they became plain consonants in the other dialects. * → * → * → * → * → * → * → * → * → * → Plain voiceless consonants to voiced In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of tense consonants that became voiced in the eastern dialects. * → * → * → * → * → / * → * → / * → / Velar consonants to palato-alveolar In the Proto-Circassian language there exist a palatalized voiced velar stop , a palatalized aspirated voiceless velar stop , a palata ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abzakh Adyghe Dialect
The Abzakh dialect (; ) is one of the Adyghe language dialects. The Abzakh dialect is spoken by the Abzakh which are one of the largest Circassians, Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea alongside Shapsugs. Phonology Historically, Proto-Circassian language, Proto-Circassian had 6 distinct consonants: * * * * * * Then, in the Abzakh and Kabardian dialects, the affricate postalveolar consonants became fricative: * → * → / * → * → / * → For example: *The Proto-Circassian word кӏэкӏьын "to come out from under" became щӏэкӏьын in Kabardian and ӏекӏьын in Abzakh. *The Proto-Circassian word кӏэгъуэжьын "to regret" became щӏэгъуэжын in Kabardian & ӏегъуэжьын Abzakh. *The Proto-Circassian word пакӏэ "mustache" became пащӏэ in both Kabardian & Abzakh. *The Proto-Circassian word кӏалэ "boy; young man" became щӏалэ in Kabardian and ӏелэ in Abzakh. *The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatuqwai
The Hatuqway are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They were known for their art of war as a warrior tribe. Their presence in the Caucasus was destroyed during the Circassian genocide following the Russo-Circassian War; their number was significantly reduced and today they exist only in small communities in various diasporas, and their names are not mentioned anymore in Circassian dialectology. History The Hatuqway were a western Circassian tribal princedom whose homeland lay along the banks of the Kuban River. The Hatuqway people lived mostly in the mountains between the lower valleys of the Pshish River and the Belaya River. Due to their small size and closeness to Temirgoy tribe, they were considered as one of the subgroups of Temirgoy. Their neighbours were Bzhedug (West), Abadzekhs (South) and, naturally, Temirgoys (East). In the time before the Russian invasion, the Hatuqway ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamkhegh
The Mamkhegh or Mamheg ( or ; ) were one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Originally, the Mamkhegs lived in the territory between the Belaja and Kurdžips Rivers, in the territory of modern Majkop and environs in the Russian republics of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Due to the Caucasian War, the Mamkheghs were forced to leave their territories in the expulsion of the Circassians. Most of the survivors left for the Ottoman Empire. Those who remained took Russian citizenship and founded a village called Mamxeg, which survives today in the Shovgenovsky District of modern Adygea. History Legends say that they moved from the Black Sea coast to the upper reaches of the . At first, Mamkhegs were just three big families: Shnah, Mami, and Tlizhho. When the population significantly increased (naturally and after immigration from Abadzeh lands) they moved to a territory between the Belaja and K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
