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Acidithiobacillaceae
''Acidithiobacillus'' is a genus of the '' Acidithiobacillia'' in the phylum "'' Pseudomonadota''". This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: ''Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus, Acidithiobacillus ferridurans, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus sulfuriphilus,'' and ''Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.'' ''A. ferooxidans'' is the most widely studied of the genus, but ''A. caldus'' and ''A. thiooxidans'' are also significant in research. Like all ''"Pseudomonadota"'', ''Acidithiobacillus'' spp. are Gram-negative and non-spore forming. They also play a significant role in the generation of acid mine drainage; a major global environmental challenge within the mining industry. Some species of ''Acidithiobacillus'' are utilized in bioleaching and biomining. A portion of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonadota (synonym "Proteobacteria") is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. Currently, they are considered the predominant phylum within the domain of bacteria. They are naturally found as pathogenic and free-living (non- parasitic) genera. The phylum comprises six classes ''Acidithiobacillia, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Hydrogenophilia'', and '' Zetaproteobacteria.'' The Pseudomonadota are widely diverse, with differences in morphology, metabolic processes, relevance to humans, and ecological influence. Classification American microbiologist Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives". The group was later formally named the 'Proteobacteria' after the Greek god Proteus, who was known to assume many forms. In 2021 the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes designated the synonym Pseudomonadota, and renamed many other prokaryotic phyla as well. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans
''Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans'' is a chemolithoautotrophic (uses inorganic chemicals for energy and makes its own organic molecules from carbon dioxide), non-spore forming, Gram-negative organism that resides in extremely acidic environments. It is relatively short in size, measuring 0.4 μ by 0.8 μ, and can appear as single cells or in pairs. The bacterium gained attention for its unique ability to oxidize ferrous iron for energy and capacity to thrive in nutrient poor environments abundant in heavy metals, conditions that are typically aversive to most other microorganisms. Etymology The genus name of the bacteria, ''Acidithiobacillus,'' contains Latin and Greek roots. It can be broken up into three words consisting of ''acidus'' (meaning “acidic”), ''thios'' (meaning “sulfur”), and ''bacillus'' (meaning “rod”), which highlight the rod-shaped organism’s affinity for acid and ability to oxidize sulfur. The species name of the bacteria, ''ferrooxidans,'' comes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acidithiobacillia
''Acidithiobacillia'' is a class of the phylum '' Pseudomonadota'' ("Proteobacteria"). Its type order, the ''Acidithiobacillales'', was formerly classified within the '' Gammaproteobacteria'', and comprises two families of sulfur-oxidising autotrophs, the ''Acidithiobacillaceae'' and the '' Thermithiobacillaceae'', which in turn include the genera ''Acidithiobacillus ''Acidithiobacillus'' is a genus of the '' Acidithiobacillia'' in the phylum "'' Pseudomonadota''". This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: ''Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiob ...'' and '' Thermithiobacillus''. Acidithiobacilia is part of the acidophilic bacteria family. Acidithiobacilia's metabolic activity is important because it is relied on for a approach for metal recovery from ores, called microorganism-mediated biohydrometallurgy. Acidithiobacilia and family of bacteria are active players in the sulfur and iron biogeochemical cycles in e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acidithiobacillales
The ''Acidithiobacillales'' are an order of bacteria within the class '' Acidithiobacillia'' and comprises the genera ''Acidithiobacillus'' and ''Thermithiobacillus''. Originally, both were included in the genus '' Thiobacillus'', but they are not related to the type species, which belongs to the '' Betaproteobacteria''.Kelly (D.P.) and Wood (A.P.): ''Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. nov., Halothiobacillus gen. nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov.'' In: ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2000, 50, 511-516.'' References External linksAcidithiobacillalesLPSN List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Acidithiobacillia Acidophiles {{gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acidithiobacillus Albertensis
''Acidithiobacillus'' is a genus of the ''Acidithiobacillia'' in the phylum "''Pseudomonadota''". This genus includes ten species of acidophilic microorganisms capable of sulfur and/or iron oxidation: ''Acidithiobacillus albertensis, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus cuprithermicus, Acidithiobacillus ferrianus, Acidithiobacillus ferridurans, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus sulfuriphilus,'' and ''Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.'' ''A. ferooxidans'' is the most widely studied of the genus, but ''A. caldus'' and ''A. thiooxidans'' are also significant in research. Like all ''"Pseudomonadota"'', ''Acidithiobacillus'' spp. are Gram-negative and non-spore forming. They also play a significant role in the generation of Acid rock drainage, acid mine drainage; a major global environmental challenge within the mining industry. Some species of ''Acidithiobacillus'' are utilized in bioleaching and biominin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transaldolase
Transaldolase is an enzyme () of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the ''TALDO1'' gene. The following chemical reaction is catalyzed by transaldolase: : sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate \rightleftharpoons erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate Clinical significance The pentose phosphate pathway has two metabolic functions: (1) generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced NADPH), for reductive biosynthesis, and (2) formation of ribose, which is an essential component of ATP, DNA, and RNA. Transaldolase links the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis. In patients with deficiency of transaldolase, there's an accumulation of erythritol (from erythrose 4-phosphate), D-arabitol, and ribitol. The deletion in 3 base pairs in the ''TALDO1'' gene results in the absence of serine at position 171 of the transaldolase protein, which is part of a highly conserved region, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle
The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, these reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and the reducing power of NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce sugars for the plant to use. These substrates are used in a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions to produce sugars in a step-wise process; there is no direct reaction that converts several molecules of to a sugar. There are three phases to the ligh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiobacillus
''Thiobacillus'' is a genus of Gram-negative Betaproteobacteria. ''Thiobacillus thioparus'' is the type species of the genus, and the type strain thereof is the StarkeyT strain, isolated by Robert Starkey in the 1930s from a field at Rutgers University in the United States of America. While over 30 "species" have been named in this genus since it was defined by Martinus Beijerinck in 1904, (the first strain was observed by the biological oceanographer Alexander Nathansohn in 1902 - likely what we would now call '' Halothiobacillus neapolitanus''), most names were never validly or effectively published. The remainder were either reclassified into '' Paracoccus'', '' Starkeya'' (both in the Alphaproteobacteria); ''Sulfuriferula'', '' Annwoodia'', '' Thiomonas'' (in the Betaproteobacteria); '' Halothiobacillus'', '' Guyparkeria'' (in the Gammaproteobacteria), or ''Thermithiobacillus'' or ''Acidithiobacillus'' (in the Acidithiobacillia). The very loosely defined "species" ''Thio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron
Iron is a chemical element; it has symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, being mainly deposited by meteorites in its metallic state. Extracting usable metal from iron ores requires kilns or furnaces capable of reaching , about 500 °C (900 °F) higher than that required to smelt copper. Humans started to master that process in Eurasia during the 2nd millennium BC and the use of iron tools and weapons began to displace copper alloys – in some regions, only around 1200 BC. That event is considered the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. In the modern world, iron alloys, such as steel, stainless steel, cast iron and special steels, are by far the most common industrial metals, due to their mechan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrite
The mineral pyrite ( ), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula Fe S2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral. Pyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of ''fool's gold''. The color has also led to the nicknames ''brass'', ''brazzle'', and ''brazil'', primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal. The name ''pyrite'' is derived from the Greek (), 'stone or mineral which strikes fire', in turn from (), 'fire'. In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck against steel; Pliny the Elder described one of them as being brassy, almost certainly a reference to what is now called pyrite. By Georgius Agricola's time, , the term had become a generic term for all of the sulfide minerals. Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acidophile
Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 5.0 or below). These organisms can be found in different branches of the Tree of life (biology), tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria,Becker, A.Types of Bacteria Living in Acidic pH" Retrieved 10 May 2017. and Eukarya. Examples A list of these organisms includes: Archaea :* Sulfolobales, an order in the Thermoproteota branch of Archaea :* Thermoplasmatales, an order in the Euryarchaeota branch of Archaea :* ARMAN, in the Euryarchaeota branch of Archaea :* ''Acidianus brierleyi, Acidianus infernus, A. infernus'', facultatively anaerobic thermoacidophilic archaebacteria :* ''Halarchaeum acidiphilum'', acidophilic member of the Halobacteriaceae, Halobacteriacaeae :* ''Metallosphaera sedula'', thermoacidophilic Bacteria :* Acidobacteriota, a phylum of Bacterium, Bacteria :* Acidithiobacillales, an order of Pseudomonadota e.g. ''A. ferrooxidans, A. thiooxidans'' :*''Thiobacil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfur
Sulfur ( American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphur ( Commonwealth spelling) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone, which means "burning stone". Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.. Downloahere Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
