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Abu Bakr Atiku
Abu Bakr Atiku (; 1782–1842) was the third Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, reigning from October 1837 until November 1842. Early years Abu Bakr Atiku dan Shehu was born to the second wife of Usman dan Fodio in 1782. He was involved, as were all his siblings, in studies directed by his father in Degel until the family and some followers were exiled in 1804. Like his brother Muhammed Bello and his sister Nana Asma’u, he dedicated significant part of his early years to study and wrote poetry, history, and on Islamic studies. Many of his works of history and poetry survive and are considered key texts of the era. In 1815, when Usman dan Fodio died, he briefly contested his brother Muhammed Bello for control of the Sokoto Caliphate. The bloodless succession struggle ended with Bello the Sultan of the Caliphate and Atiku imprisoned for one year. When he was released, he became an adviser to Mohammed Bello for the remainder of Bello's life. Sultan Atiku became the Sultan in 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commander Of The Faithful
() or Commander of the Faithful is a Muslim title designating the supreme leader of an Islamic community. Name Although etymologically () is equivalent to English "commander", the wide variety of its historical and modern use allows for a range of translations. The historian H.A.R. Gibb, however, counsels against the translation "Prince of the Believers" as "neither philologically nor historically correct". History The title was used for Muslim military commanders during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad. It was, for example, borne by the Muslim commander at the Battle of al-Qadisiyya. On his accession in 634, the second caliph Umar () adopted the title. This was likely not for its military connotation, but rather deriving from a Quranic injunction to "Obey God and obey the Apostle and those invested with command among you" ( Sura 4, verses 58–62). According to Fred M. Donner, the title's adoption marked a step in the centralization of the nascent Muslim state, as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fulani War
The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The war began when Usman dan Fodio, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by King Yunfa, one of his former students. Usman dan Fodio assembled an Islamic army to lead a jihad against Gobir and other Hausa Kingdoms of northern Nigeria. The forces of Usman dan Fodio slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, initially headed by Usman dan Fodio himself, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa. Background The ancient Kanem–Bornu Empire was losing power by the mid-18th century. There was large-scale immigration by Fula people, Fulani pastoralists, leading to resource competition with more settled Hausa communities despite their shared religion. Several Hausa kingdo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1842 Deaths
Events January–March * January 6–January 13, 13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, by Wazir Akbar Khan, Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan), Dost Mohammad Khan. * January 8 – Delft University of Technology is established by William II of the Netherlands, as a 'Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers'. * January 23 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S. * January ** Michael Alexander (bishop), Michael Alexander takes office, as the first appointee to the Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem. ** United States, American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic, to facilitate a surgical procedure. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1782 Births
Events January–March * January 7 – The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America) opens. * January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris (financier), Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint (facility), mint and decimal coinage. * January 23 – The Laird of Johnstone (George Ludovic Houston) invites people to buy marked plots of land which, when built upon, form the planned town of Johnstone, Scotland, to provide employment for his Yarn, thread and cotton mills. * February 5 – The Spanish defeat British forces and Invasion of Minorca (1781), capture Menorca. * February 6 – Singu Min is overthrown as king of Myanmar by his cousin Phaungka Min and 8 days later will be executed by his uncle Bodawpayar. * February 18 – Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Shirley's Gold Coast expedition lands at Elmina on the Dutch Gold Coast. The British expedition fails to take the for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sokoto Caliph
The sultan of Sokoto is the hereditary leader of the Sokoto Caliphate, a Sunni Muslim community in West Africa. The position may also be referred to as the 'Sokoto Caliph' or the "Commander of the Faithful" (''Amir-ul-Momineen'' in Arabic or ''Lamido Julbe'' in Fulani). The current holder of this title, since 2006, is Sa'adu Abubakar. The sultan of Sokoto is the leader of the Qadiriyya Sufi order, historically the most important Muslim position in Nigeria and senior to the Emir of Kano, the leader of the Tijaniyya Sufi order. The post has become increasingly ceremonial since British rule defeated the caliphate and replaced it with the Sokoto Sultanate Council in 1903, but the sultan – considered a spiritual leader in the Muslim community in Nigeria – can still carry much weight with Fulani and Hausa people from northern Nigeria.Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the dynasty of Sokoto State and of the Fulani Empire (consisting of the Fulbe Jihad states of which Sokoto was suzerain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammadu Attahiru I
Muhammadu Attahiru I (died 1903) was the twelfth Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate from October 1902 until March 15, 1903. He was the last independent Sultan of Sokoto before the Caliphate was taken over by the British. Reign as Sultan Attahiru came to the throne upon the death of Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar in October 1902 while the British forces had already taken over parts of the Sokoto Caliphate. During the last year of Abderrahman's reign, British General Frederick Lugard had been able to use rivalries between the emirs in the south with the Sokoto Caliphate to prevent a coherent defense against British troops. A British led force was quickly approaching the city of Sokoto with clear intentions to take it over. Attahiru I organized a quick defense of the city and decided to fight the advancing British army outside of the city of Sokoto. This battle ended quickly in favor of the British with superior firepower causing high casualties on the side of Attahiru I. Attahiru I an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramadan
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (''Fasting in Islam, sawm''), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community. It is also the month in which the Quran is believed to have been revealed to the Prophets of Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad. The annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the five pillars of Islam and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the Hilal (crescent moon), crescent moon to the next. Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (''fard'') for all adult Muslims who are not acute illness, acutely or chronic illness, chronically ill, travelling, old age, elderly, breastfeeding, Pregnancy, pregnant, or Menstruation in Islam, menstruating. The predawn meal is referred to as ''suhur'', and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called ''iftar''. Although rulings (''fatawa'') have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or pola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bauchi Emirate
The Bauchi Emirate (Fula: Lamorde Bauchi 𞤤𞤢𞤥𞤮𞤪𞤣𞤫 𞤦𞤢𞤵𞤷𞥅𞤭) was founded by Yaqubu dan Dadi in the early 19th century in what is now Bauchi State, Nigeria, with its capital in Bauchi. The emirate came under British "protection" in the colonial era, and is now denoted a traditional state. History Before the Fulani jihad the Bauchi region was inhabited by a large number of small tribes, some of whom spoke languages related to Hausa, and some of whom were Muslims. The province of Bauchi was conquered between 1809 and 1818 by jihadists inspired by Usman dan Fodio's jihad in Sokoto and were led by a Hausa Islamic scholar, Yakubu. Yakubu was the only definite non-Fulani ruler in the Sokoto Caliphate. He was a student of Usman dan Fodio prior to the start of the jihad. Civil War In 1881, the emirate experienced a bloody civil war which was brought about by the then emir, Ibrahima dan Yaqubu, who stepped down in favor of his son Usman. This decision ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maradun
Maradun is a Local Government Area in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Its headquarters is in the town of Maradun towards the south of the Area. It had an area of 2,728 km and a population of 210,852 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 881. Climate The yearly average high temperature in Maradun is 31,88 °C, with 86,4 rainy days (23,67% of the year) due to the high precipitation In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, rain and snow mixed ("sleet" in Commonwe ... levels. Climate change is causing a warmer climate in Maradun, as evidenced by the positive trend of temperature increase. Average temperatures There is an average daily high temperature of over 37,2 °C during the 1.9-month long hot season, which runs from March 13 to May 10. At 38,8 °C on average for highs and 25,5 °C for lows, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramadan (calendar Month)
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting ('' sawm''), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community. It is also the month in which the Quran is believed to have been revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the five pillars of Islam and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next. Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (''fard'') for all adult Muslims who are not acutely or chronically ill, travelling, elderly, breastfeeding, pregnant, or menstruating. The predawn meal is referred to as ''suhur'', and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called ''iftar''. Although rulings ('' fatawa'') have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca, it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which nigh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
