|
Abbas Eskandari
Abbas Eskandari (; 1897–1955) was an Iranian Communism, Communist politician and a co-founder of Tudeh Party of Iran. Career Eskandari was a co-founder of the Tudeh Party of Iran, as well as the editor of ''Siyasat'' () daily, the official organ of the party. However, he was deemed by the establishment figures of the party, Ardeshir Ovanessian, Ovanessian and Abdossamad Kambakhsh, Kambakhsh, too "corrupted" by wealth, and was soon eased out. On 17 June 1946, he was appointed as the governor of Tehran by Ahmad Qavam. He was one of three communist governors who took office at the time, the other two were of Kermanshah and Isfahan. On 18 October, one day before Qavam dismissed cabinet ministers from Tudeh, he was replaced by Mousavizadeh. He later served as a deputy in the 15th Majlis, representing Hamedan. Fakhreddin Azimi describes him as "the vociferous supporter of Qavam who had found it politically opportune to champion Iran's sovereign rights over its sources of oil as wel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Iran
The Islamic Consultative Assembly (), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the unicameral national legislative body of Iran. The parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 270 seats since the 2000 Iranian legislative election, 18 February 2000 election. History Islamic Republic of Iran Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Senate of Iran was abolished and effectively succeeded by the Guardian Council, maintaining the bicameral structure of the Iranian legislature. In the 1989 constitutional revision, the ''National Consultative Assembly'' was renamed the ''Islamic Consultative Assembly''. Since the Iranian Revolution, the Parliament of Iran has been led by six chairmen. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani served as the inaugural chairman from 1980 to 1989. Subsequently, Mehdi Karroubi held the position in two separate terms (1989–1992 and 2000–2004), followed by Ali Akbar Nategh- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdossamad Kambakhsh
Abdolsamad Kambakhsh (, birth name Abdolsamad Adle Qajar; 1902 or 1903 – 1971) son of Prince Kamran Mirza Adle Qajar, also known by his aliases as Abdolsamad Qanbari or the Red Prince, was an Iranian communist political activist. In early 1925, he married feminist activist Dr. Akhtar Kianouri (). Noureddin Kianouri, the younger brother of Dr. Akhtar Kianouri, grew up in their house. Early years He grew up in his birthplace, and went to study in Russia in 1915. There he got inspired by the Russian Revolution. When he returned to Iran, he joined the Socialist and Communist parties. He then resided in Tehran and became a factory manager. Despite his political leanings, the Iranian government granted him a scholarship in 1927 and he was sent to the Soviet Union for studies. At Moscow University, he studied aeronautics between 1928 and 1932. He was the first and only Iranian member of Communist International (Comintern). He represented Tudeh in the 22nd Congress of the Communist P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tudeh Party Of Iran MPs
The Tudeh Party of Iran is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddegh's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and his term as prime minister. From the Iran crisis of 1946 onwards, Tudeh became a pro-Soviet organization and remained prepared to carry out the dictates of the Kremlin, even if it meant sacrificing Iranian political independence and sovereignty. The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddegh is said to have "destroyed" the party,Abrahamian, Ervand, ''A History of Modern Iran'', p.122 although a remnant persisted. The party still exists but has remained much weaker as a result of its banning in Iran and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982, as well as the executions of political prisoners in 1988. Tudeh identified itself as the historical offshoot of the Communist Party of Persia. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC; ) was a British company founded in 1909 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Persia (Iran). The British government purchased 51% of the company in 1914, gaining a controlling number of shares, effectively nationalizing the company. It was the first company to extract petroleum from Iran. In 1935 APOC was renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) when Reza Shah formally asked foreign countries to refer to Persia by its endonym ''Iran''. In 1954, it was renamed again to The British Petroleum Company, one of the antecedents of the modern BP public limited company. The government of Mohammad Mosaddegh nationalized the company's local infrastructure assets and gave the new company the name National Iranian Oil Company. The D'Arcy oil concession Exploration and discovery In 1901, William Knox D'Arcy, a millionaire London socialite, negotiated an oil concession with Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar of Persia. He f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia. Situated on the Persian Gulf, it comprises a small archipelago of 50 natural islands and an additional 33 artificial islands, centered on Bahrain Island, which makes up around 83 percent of the country's landmass. Bahrain is situated between Qatar and the northeastern coast of Saudi Arabia, to which it is connected by the King Fahd Causeway. The population of Bahrain is 1,501,635 as of 14 May 2023, of whom 712,362 (47.44%) are Bahraini nationals and 789,273 are expatriates spanning 2,000 ethnicities (52.56% of the country's population of 1,501,635). Bahrain spans some , and is the List of countries and dependencies by area, third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore. The capital and largest city is Manama. According to archeologist Geoffrey Bibby, Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization. though locally the islands were controlled by the Shia Jarwanids, Jarwanid dyn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fakhreddin Azimi
Fakhreddin Azimi is a professor of history at the University of Connecticut. Selected publications *''The Quest for Democracy in Iran: a Century of Struggle against Authoritarian Rule'' (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou. The pres ..., 2008); *''Iran: The Crisis of Democracy, 1941-53'' (New York & London 1989); revised paperback edition in process; References 20th-century Iranian historians Living people Date of birth missing (living people) University of Connecticut faculty Iranian expatriate academics in the United States Iranian emigrants to the United States 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers Year of birth missing (living people) American male non-fiction writers {{US-historia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city has a population of approximately 2,220,000, making it the third-most populous city in Iran, after Tehran and Mashhad, and the second-largest metropolitan area. Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the Safavid Iran, Safavid Empire, Isfahan became the capital of Iran, for the second time in its history, under Abbas the Great. It is known for its Persian architecture, Persian–Islamic architecture, Muslim architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kermanshah
Kermanshah is a city in the Central District (Kermanshah County), Central District of Kermanshah province, Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city is from Tehran in the western part of the country. The 2016 Census, National Census measured the population of the city as 946,651 (2025 estimate 1,117,000). Etymology "Kermanshah" derives from the Sasanian Empire, Sasanian-era title ''Kirmanshah'', which translates as "King of Kerman". This title was held by the son of Shapur III, Prince Bahram, who was bestowed with the title upon being appointed governor of the province of Kirman (Sasanian province), Kirman (present-day Kerman Province). Later, in 390, when he had already succeeded his father as Bahram IV, Bahram IV Kirmanshah (388–399), he founded the city and his title was applied to it, i.e. "(City of the) King of Kirman". History Prehistory Because of its antiquity, attractive landscapes, rich culture and Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ardeshir Ovanessian
Ardeshir Ovanessian (; 1905–1990) was an Iranian communist leader of Armenian origin. Biography He was born around 1905 in Rasht, to an Armenian family originally hailing from Salmas. After completing a pharmacist apprenticeship (the profession of his father), he became involved in radical politics. He became involved in the radical Cultural Society of Rasht. Ovanessian became a cadre of the Communist Party of Persia in 1923. In 1925, he was sent to study at KUTV. Upon his return in 1926 he organized a pharmacists' trade union. For the Communist Party Ovanessian played a key role in the organizing of the party in Azerbaijan, making frequent visits to the different towns in the region.Abrahamian, Ervand. Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran'. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1999. pp. 36-37 Ovanessian was eventually captured by the police, and would spend eleven years in Qasr prison. In prison, Ovanessian played a major role. He an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamedan
Hamadan ( ; , ) is a mountainous city in western Iran. It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as the capital of the province, county, and district. As of the 2016 Iranian census, it had a population of 554,406 people in 174,731 households. Hamadan is believed to be among the oldest Iranian cities. It was referred to in classical sources as Ecbatana ( Old Persian ). It is possible that it was occupied by the Assyrians in 1100BCE; the Ancient Greek historian, Herodotus, states that it was the capital of the Medes, around 700BCE. Hamadan is situated in a green mountainous area in the foothills of the 3,574-meter Alvand Mountain, in midwestern Iran. The city is 1,850meters above sea level. It is located approximately southwest of Tehran. The old city and its historic sites attract tourists during the summer. The major sights of this city are the Ganj Nameh inscription, the Avicenna monument and the Baba Taher monument. The m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism
Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products in society based on need.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." A communist society entails the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the State (polity), state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a Libertarian socialism, libertarian socialist approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and an authoritarian socialism, authoritarian socialist, vanguardis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iraj Eskandari
Iraj Eskandari (; 1907–1985) was an Iranian communist politician. A Qajar prince, Eskandari received French education.Behrooz, Maziar. Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran'. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. p. 75 He was the first general secretary of the Tudeh Party of Iran and a member of parliament. In the summer of 1946 he was named a Minister of Commerce and Industry in Qavam's coalition cabinet. He belonged to the " group of fifty-three". Eskandari was identified at the time as the leader of the dominant, moderate faction in the party leadership, along with Reza Radmanesh. Early life Iraj Eskandari was born in 1907 in Tehran. His father was Yahya Mirza Eskandari, one of Qajar princes in favor of the Persian Constitution of 1906, and his uncle, Soleiman Eskandari, was also a constitutionalist Qajar prince. He started his education at first in the school of "Sepehr", then he enrolled in Dar ul-Funun and finally he studied at the Iranian school of politic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
