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Abadan Crisis
The Abadan Crisis ( ''Bohrân Nafti Irân'', "Iran Oil Crisis") occurred from 1951 to 1954, after Iran nationalised the Iranian assets of the BP controlled Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and expelled Western companies from oil refineries in the city of Abadan. Prelude The AIOC was the United Kingdom's "single largest overseas asset" and a "source of national pride" in the British post-war era of Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin. Even as late as the "1940s and early 1950s some high British officials still believed that Persian petroleum was actually and rightly British petroleum because it had been discovered by the British, developed by British capital, and exploited through British skill and British ingenuity." In stark contrast, Iranian Premier Mohammad Mosaddegh believed the 1933 concession granted to the AIOC by Iran was "immoral as well as illegal". Mosaddeq "challenged every aspect of the British commercial presence in Iran". The British feared that if Mosaddeq's policie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the last List of monarchs of Iran, Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 to 1979. He succeeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until he was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution, which abolished the Iranian monarchy to establish the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran. In 1967, he took the title (), and also held several others, including () and (). He was the second and last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty. His vision of the "Great Civilization" () led to his leadership over rapid industrial and military modernization, as well as economic and social reforms in Iran. During World War II, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran forced the abdication of Reza Shah and succession of Mohammad Reza Shah. During his reign, the Anglo-Iranian Oil, British-owned oil industry was nationalized by the prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, who had support from Iran's national parliament to do so; however, Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran–United Kingdom Relations
Iran–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Iran. Iran, which was called Persia by the West before 1935, has had political relations with England since the late Ilkhanate period (13th century) when Edward I of England, King Edward I of England sent Geoffrey of Langley to the Ilkhanid court to seek an alliance. Until the early nineteenth century, Iran was a remote and legendary country for Britain, so much so that the European country never seriously established a diplomatic center, such as a consulate or embassy. By the middle of the nineteenth century, Iran grew in importance as a buffer state to the United Kingdom's British Raj, dominion over India. Britain fostered conflict between Iran and Afghanistan as a means of forestalling an Afghan invasion of India. The UK seeds a number of proximity conflicts between Iran and its neighbouring states like Azerbaijan on the countries' borders, Afghanistan on the Hirmand River, Hirmand river an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1950s In Iran
Year 195 ( CXCV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Scrapula and Clemens (or, less frequently, year 948 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 195 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus has the Roman Senate deify the previous emperor Commodus, in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius. * King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The Roman province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus marches to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians. * The Roman province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annex the Syrian cities of Edessa and Nisibis. Severus re-establishes his headquarters and the colon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nissho Maru Incident
The ''Nissho Maru'' Incident (, ) was a 1953 incident in which a Japanese ship broke the oil trading embargo that the United Kingdom had unilaterally imposed on Iran. This bold move directly linked Iran, the world's leading oil producer, with Japan, a major oil consumer. As a result, the price of domestic oil products in Japan fell by tens of billions of yen a year, yielding great benefit to consumers. The British Anglo-Iranian Oil company (AIOC) filed a lawsuit requesting a provisional injunction for the seizure of oil products carried by the ''Nissho Maru'', but the Tokyo District Court and the Tokyo High Court refused to grant one, and the British were unsuccessful following years of litigation. The ''Nissho Maru'' received a hero's welcome when it docked in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Kawasaki. For Japan the incident was a morale-boosting episode in a country still emerging from postwar occupation. For Iran it was a small but inspiring victory against Britain and the United States. Oil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupation Of Bushehr
The British occupations of Bushehr or Bushire under British occupation refers to the three times British Empire, British forces entered Bushehr and occupied this area in Qajar Iran, Iran during the rule of the Qajar dynasty, before and during World War I. Background According to ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', the East India Company, British East India Company had a presence in Bushehr since 1763 due to its commercial importance. Later, due to the interference of the Iranian ruler Karim Khan Zand, the Company concentrated on the port of Basra, but following the capture of Basra by Karim Khan Zand, in 1778 the British re-established their commercial base in the Persian Gulf in Bushehr and continued to increase their influence in the Gulf for about a century. Occupations First occupation (1838) The first occupation of Bushehr was in 1838 (''1217 Solar Hijri calendar, SH - 1254 Hijri year, AH'') during the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar, when a British ship anchored in front of Bushehr, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abadan Crisis Timeline
The Abadan Crisis was a major event in the history and development of modern Iran. The crisis began in 1951 after the Iranian government, under the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh, nationalized the British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company, including the Abadan Refinery. In 1901, local Iranian sovereigns had sold an oil concession covering much of the country's southwest, to William Knox D'Arcy, by the time oil was discovered in commercial quantities in May 1908, D'Arcy was nearly bankrupt and sold his rights to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909. In the decades that followed he British profited immensely from the concession returns, local Iranians employees labored in often abysmal conditions while the APOC earned millions of pounds. The British hid the earnings of APOC from the Iranian government and refused to comply with the profit-sharing terms they had been agreed to. The nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's assets namely oil refinery ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Front Of Iran
The National Front of Iran () is an opposition political organization in Iran. It was founded by Mohammad Mosaddegh in 1949, and it is the oldest and arguably the largest pro-democracy group operating inside Iran, despite having never been able to recover the prominence it had in the early 1950s. Initially, the front was an umbrella organization for a broad coalition of forces with Iranian nationalism, nationalist, liberal-democratic, socialist, ''bazaari'', secular and Islamic tendencies, that mobilized to successfully campaign for the The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement, nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. In 1951, the Front formed a Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh, government which was deposed by the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, 1953 Iranian ''coup d'état'' and subsequently repressed. Members attempted to revive the Front in 1960, 1965, and 1977. Before 1953 and throughout the 1960s, the Front was torn by strife between secular and religious eleme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Crisis
The term international crisis is a widespread term without a single common definition. To some, it involves "a sequence of interactions between the governments of two or more sovereign states in severe conflict, short of actual war, but involving the perception of a dangerously high probability of war". Types Lebow gives a breakdown of three types of international crises: * Justification of hostilities. One of the nations decides, before the crisis starts, to go to war and constructs a crisis to justify it. The pattern of justification is almost always the same: Rouse public opinion, make impossible demands, try to legitimize the demands, deny your real intentions then employ the rejection of the demands as a reason for war. A recent example, commonly employed by Public image of George W. Bush, critics of George W. Bush, is the Iraq disarmament crisis, which precipitated the Iraq War. * Spinoff crisis. The nations are involved in a war or crisis with another nation or nations and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Hague
The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and has been described as the country's ''de facto'' capital since the time of the Dutch Republic, while Amsterdam is the official capital of the Netherlands. The Hague is the core municipality of the COROP, Greater The Hague urban area containing over 800,000 residents, and is also part of the Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area, which, with a population of approximately 2.6 million, is the largest metropolitan area of the Netherlands. The city is also part of the Randstad region, one of the largest conurbations in Europe. The Hague is the seat of the Cabinet of the Netherlands, Cabinet, the States General of the Netherlands, States General, the Supreme Court of the Neth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Court Of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ; , CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that Adjudication, adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on International law, international legal issues as interpretation of international treaties, borders disputes and human rights cases. It is one of the United Nations System#Six principal organs, six organs of the United Nations (UN), and is located in The Hague, Netherlands. The ability to file a case before the ICJ is limited exclusively to recognized governments of states. The ICJ is the successor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established in 1920 by the League of Nations. After the World War II, Second World War, the League and the PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ, respectively. The Statute of the ICJ, which sets forth its purpose and structure, draws heavily from that of its predecessor, whose decisions remain valid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries by area, fifth-largest country in Asia, the largest in the Middle East, and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 12th-largest in the world. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of Geography of Saudi Arabia, its terrain consists of Arabian Desert, arid desert, lowland, steppe, and List of mountains in Saudi Arabia, mountains. The capital and List of cities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
