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ATCvet Code QJ51
QJ51A Tetracyclines for intramammary use QJ51AA Tetracyclines :QJ51AA03 Chlortetracycline :QJ51AA06 Oxytetracycline :QJ51AA07 Tetracycline :QJ51AA53 Chlortetracycline, combinations QJ51B Amphenicols for intramammary use QJ51BA Amphenicols :QJ51BA01 Chloramphenicol :QJ51BA02 Thiamphenicol :QJ51BA90 Florfenicol QJ51C Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins, for intramammary use QJ51CA Penicillins with extended spectrum :QJ51CA01 Ampicillin :QJ51CA51 Ampicillin, combinations QJ51CE Beta-lactamase sensitive penicillins :QJ51CE01 Benzylpenicillin :QJ51CE09 Procaine penicillin :QJ51CE59 Procaine penicillin, combinations :QJ51CE90 Phenetamate QJ51CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins :QJ51CF01 Dicloxacillin :QJ51CF02 Cloxacillin :QJ51CF03 Meticillin :QJ51CF04 Oxacillin :QJ51CF05 Flucloxacillin QJ51CR Combinations of pencillins and/or beta-lactamase inhibitors :QJ51CR01 Ampicillin and enzyme inhibitor :QJ51CR02 Amoxicillin and enzyme inhibitor :QJ51CR50 Combinations of penicillins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds. Tetracycline molecules comprise a linear fused tetracyclic nucleus (rings designated A, B, C and D) to which a variety of functional groups are attached. Tetracyclines are named for their four ("tetra-") hydrocarbon rings ("-cycl-") derivation ("-ine"). They are defined as a subclass of polyketides, having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton and are known as derivatives of polycyclic naphthacene carboxamide. While all tetracyclines have a common structure, they differ from each other by the presence of chloride, methyl, and hydroxyl groups. These modifications do not change their broad antibacterial activity, but do affect pharmacological properties such as half-life and binding to proteins in serum. Tetracyclines were discovered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxacillin
Oxacillin (trade name Bactocill) is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class developed by Beecham (pharmaceutical company), Beecham. It was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1962. Medical uses Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant β-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Other related compounds are nafcillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin. Since it is resistant to penicillinase enzymes, such as that produced by ''Staphylococcus aureus'', it is widely used clinically in the US to treat penicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''. However, with the introduction and widespread use of both oxacillin and methicillin, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic-resistant strains called Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant and oxacillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA/ORSA) have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfonamide (medicine)
Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides. Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully. Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. Function In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefquinome
Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with pharmacological and antibacterial properties valuable in the treatment of coliform mastitis and other infections. It is only used in veterinary applications. Properties Cefquinome is resistant to beta-lactamase. Chemically, its zwitterionic structure can facilitate rapid penetration across biological membranes, including porins of bacterial cell walls. Plus, it has a higher affinity to target penicillin-binding proteins. The reactive site is a beta-lactam nucleus, while the main peripheral functional groups are a quaternary quinolinium, an aminothiazolyl moiety and an unusual ''O''-alkylated oxime. Cefquinome acts by inhibition of the cell wall synthesis, but it has a relatively short half-life of about 2.5 hours. It is less than 5% protein bound and is excreted unchanged in the urine.Intervet, "Cephaguard Injection Data Sheet," Studies Many studies have been conducted, mostly for animal use. One such study was con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceftiofur
Ceftiofur is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin type ( third generation), licensed for use in veterinary medicine. It was first described in 1987. It is marketed by pharmaceutical company Zoetis as Excenel, Naxcel, and Excede and is also the active ingredient in that company's Spectramast LC (lactating cow formulation) and Spectramast DC (dry cow formulation) product. It is resistant to the antibiotic resistance enzyme beta-lactamase, and has activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ''E. coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus ''Escher ...'' strains resistant to ceftiofur have been reported. The metabolite desfurolyceftiofur also has antibiotic activity. The two compounds are measured together to measure for antibiotic activity in milk (alongside other ant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefoperazone
Cefoperazone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, marketed by Pfizer under the name Cefobid. It is one of few cephalosporin antibiotics effective in treating '' Pseudomonas'' bacterial infections which are otherwise resistant to these antibiotics. It was patented in 1974 and approved for medical use in 1981. Cefoperazone/sulbactam (Sulperazon) is a co-formulation with sulbactam. Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility Cefoperazone has a broad spectrum of activity and has been used to target bacteria responsible for causing infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, skin, and the female genital tract. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms. * ''Haemophilus influenzae'': 0.12 - 0.25 µg/ml * ''Staphylococcus aureus'': 0.125 - 32 µg/ml * ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'': ≤0.007 - 1 µg/ml Adverse effects Cefoperazone contains an ''N''-methylthiotetrazole (NMTT or 1-MTT) side chain. As the an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime, sold under the brand name Zinacef among others, is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat and prevent a number of bacterial infections. These include pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, sepsis, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease. It is used by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, allergic reactions, and pain at the site of injection. Serious side effects may include ''Clostridium difficile'' infection, anaphylaxis, and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is believed to be safe. It is a second-generation cephalosporin and works by interfering with a bacteria's ability to make a cell wall resulting in its death. Cefuroxime was patented in 1971, and approved for medical use in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 325th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefalonium
Cefalonium (INN) is a first-generation cephalosporin The cephalosporins (sg. ) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus ''Acremonium'', which was previously known as ''Cephalosporium''. Together with cephamycins, they constitute a subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics ... antibiotic. References Cephalosporin antibiotics Isonicotinamides Thiophenes Pyridinium compounds {{antiinfective-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefacetrile
Cefacetrile (INN, also spelled cephacetrile) is a broad-spectrum first generation cephalosporin antibiotic effective in gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic. Cefacetrile is marketed under the trade names Celospor, Celtol, and Cristacef, and as Vetimast for the treatment of mammary infections in lactating cows. Synthesis It was made by reacting 7-ACA (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) with cyanoacetyl chloride in the presence of tributylamine Tributylamine (TBA) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (C4H9)3N. It is a colorless liquid with an amine-like odor. Uses Tributylamine is used as a catalyst (proton acceptor) and as a solvent in organic syntheses and polymerization .... References Cephalosporin antibiotics Carboxylate esters Nitriles Acetate esters Carboxamides {{Antibiotic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefapirin
Cefapirin (INN, also spelled cephapirin) is an injectable, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is marketed under the trade name Cefadyl. Production for use in humans has been discontinued in the United States. It also has a role in veterinary medicine as Metricure, an intrauterine preparation, and combined with prednisolone in Mastiplan, an intramammary preparation. Both are licensed in cattle. Synthesis In one of the syntheses, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA 7-ACA (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) is the core chemical structure (a synthon) for the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics and intermediates. It can be obtained by chemoenzymatic hydrolysis of cephalosporin C. See also * 6-APA 6-APA ((+)-6- ...) is reacted with bromoacetyl chloride to give the amide. The halo group is then displaced by 4-thiopyridine. References Cephalosporin antibiotics Enantiopure drugs 4-Pyridyl compounds Acetate esters {{antibiotic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefazolin
Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before surgery. It is typically given by injection into a muscle or vein. Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, yeast infections, and allergic reactions. It is not recommended in people who have a history of anaphylaxis to penicillin. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Cefazolin is in the first-generation cephalosporin class of medication and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall. Cefazolin was patented in 1967 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cefalexin
Cefalexin, also spelled cephalexin, is an antibiotic that can treat a number of bacterial infections. It kills gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria by disrupting the growth of the bacterial cell wall. Cefalexin is a beta-lactam antibiotic within the class of first-generation cephalosporins. It works similarly to other agents within this class, including intravenous cefazolin, but can be taken by mouth. Cefalexin can treat certain bacterial infections, including those of the middle ear, bone and joint, skin, and urinary tract. It may also be used for certain types of pneumonia and strep throat and to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Cefalexin is not effective against infections caused by methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA), most '' Enterococcus'', or '' Pseudomonas''. Like other antibiotics, cefalexin cannot treat viral infections, such as the flu, common cold or acute bronchitis. Cefalexin can be used in those who have mild or moderat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
