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ABC (stream Cipher)
In cryptography, ABC is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Vladimir Anashin, Andrey Bogdanov, Ilya Kizhvatov, and Sandeep Kumar. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT ECRYPT (European Network of Excellence in Cryptology) was a 4-year European research initiative launched on 1 February 2004 with the stated objective of promoting the collaboration of European researchers in information security, and especially in ... network. It takes a 128-bit key and a 128-bit IV. The claimed security level of 2^ bits has been reduced to 2^. References Stream ciphers Broken stream ciphers {{crypto-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logy, -logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of Adversary (cryptography), adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing Communication protocol, protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security (confidentiality, data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, Smart card#EMV, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, password, computer passwords, and military communications. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Stream Cipher
stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream ( keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as ''state cipher''. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR). The pseudorandom keystream is typically generated serially from a random seed value using digital shift registers. The seed value serves as the cryptographic key for decrypting the ciphertext stream. Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of digits with a fixed, unvarying transformation. This distinction is not always clear-cut: in some modes of operation, a block cipher primitive is used in such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of Rigour#Mathematics, mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific Computational problem, problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use Conditional (computer programming), conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning). In contrast, a Heuristic (computer science), heuristic is an approach to solving problems without well-defined correct or optimal results.David A. Grossman, Ophir Frieder, ''Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics'', 2nd edition, 2004, For example, although social media recommender systems are commonly called "algorithms", they actually rely on heuristics as there is no truly "correct" recommendation. As an e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Vladimir Anashin
Vladimir (, , pre-1918 orthography: ) is a masculine given name of Slavic origin, widespread throughout all Slavic nations in different forms and spellings. The earliest record of a person with the name is Vladimir of Bulgaria (). Etymology The Old East Slavic form of the name is Володимѣръ ''Volodiměr'', while the Old Church Slavonic form is ''Vladiměr''. According to Max Vasmer, the name is composed of Slavic владь ''vladĭ'' "to rule" and ''*mēri'' "great", "famous" (related to Gothic element ''mērs'', ''-mir'', cf. Theode''mir'', Vala''mir''). The modern ( pre-1918) Russian forms Владимиръ and Владиміръ are based on the Church Slavonic one, with the replacement of мѣръ by миръ or міръ resulting from a folk etymological association with миръ "peace" or міръ "world". Max Vasmer, ''Etymological Dictionary of Russian Language'' s.v. "Владимир"starling.rinet.ru [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Andrei Bogdanov (cryptographer)
Andrei or Andrey Bogdanov may refer to: * Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov (; 1692 – September 11, 1766) was one of the first Russian bibliographers and ethnographers. Andrei Bogdanov was born in Siberia; his father was a gunpowder-maker and Andrei had assisted him in his work. Once his fam ... (1692–1766), Russian bibliographer and ethnographer * Andrei Vladimirovich Bogdanov (born 1970), leader of the Russian Communist Party of Social Justice * Andrei Bogdanov (luger) (born 1992), Russian luger * Andrey Bogdanov (swimmer) (1958–1999), Russian swimmer {{hndis, Bogdanov, Andrei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Ilya Kizhvatov
Ilya, Iliya, Ilia (name), Ilia, Ilja, Ilija, or Illia ( , or ; ; ) is the East Slavic languages, East Slavic form of the male Hebrew name Eliyahu (Eliahu), meaning "My God is Yahweh, Yahu/Jah." It comes from the Byzantine Greek pronunciation of the vocative (Ilía) of the Greek Elias (Ηλίας, Ilías). It is pronounced with stress on the second syllable. The diminutive form is Iliusha or Iliushen'ka. The Russian patronymic for a son of Ilya is "Ilich (name), Ilyich", and a daughter is "Ilyinichna". People with the name Real people *Ilya (Archbishop of Novgorod), 12th-century Russian Orthodox cleric and saint *Ilya Ivanovitch Alekseyev (1772–1830), commander of the Russian Imperial Army *Ilya Borok (born 1993), Russian jiujitsu fighter *Ilya Bryzgalov (born 1980), Russian ice hockey goalie *Ilya Dzhirkvelov (1927–2006), author and KGB defector *Ilya Ehrenburg (1891–1967), Russian writer and Soviet cultural ambassador *Ilya Frank (1908–1990), Russian physicist *Ilya Gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Sandeep Kumar (cryptographer)
Sandeep Kumar may refer to: * Sandeep Kumar (archer), Indian archer * Sandeep Kumar (politician) (born 1980), Indian minister in Delhi government * Sandeep Kumar (racewalker) (born 1986), Indian racewalker * Sandeep Kumar (rower) (born 1988), Indian rower * Sandeep Kumar (weightlifter) (born 1975), Indian weightlifter * Sandeep Kumar (wrestler) (born 1983), Indian wrestler {{hndis, Kumar, Sandeep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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ECRYPT
ECRYPT (European Network of Excellence in Cryptology) was a 4-year European research initiative launched on 1 February 2004 with the stated objective of promoting the collaboration of European researchers in information security, and especially in cryptology and digital watermarking. ECRYPT listed five core research areas, termed "virtual laboratories": symmetric key algorithms (STVL), public key algorithms (AZTEC), protocol (PROVILAB), secure and efficient implementations (VAMPIRE) and watermarking (WAVILA). In August 2008 the network started another 4-year phase as ECRYPT II. ECRYPT II products Yearly report on algorithms and key lengths During the project, algorithms and key lengths were evaluated yearly. The most recent of these documents is dated 30 September 2012. Key sizes Considering the budget of a large intelligence agency to be about US$300 million for a single ASIC machine, the recommended ''minimum'' key size is 84 bits, which would give protection for a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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ESTREAM
eSTREAM is a project to "identify new stream ciphers suitable for widespread adoption", organised by the EU ECRYPT network. It was set up as a result of the failure of all six stream ciphers submitted to the NESSIE project. The call for primitives was first issued in November 2004. The project was completed in April 2008. The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different application profiles. Profiles The submissions to eSTREAM fall into either or both of two profiles: * Profile 1: "Stream ciphers for software applications with high throughput requirements" * Profile 2: "Stream ciphers for hardware applications with restricted resources such as limited storage, gate count, or power consumption." Both profiles contain an "A" subcategory (1A and 2A) with ciphers that also provide authentication in addition to encryption. In Phase 3 none of the ciphers providing authentication are being considered (The NLS cipher had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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ECRYPT
ECRYPT (European Network of Excellence in Cryptology) was a 4-year European research initiative launched on 1 February 2004 with the stated objective of promoting the collaboration of European researchers in information security, and especially in cryptology and digital watermarking. ECRYPT listed five core research areas, termed "virtual laboratories": symmetric key algorithms (STVL), public key algorithms (AZTEC), protocol (PROVILAB), secure and efficient implementations (VAMPIRE) and watermarking (WAVILA). In August 2008 the network started another 4-year phase as ECRYPT II. ECRYPT II products Yearly report on algorithms and key lengths During the project, algorithms and key lengths were evaluated yearly. The most recent of these documents is dated 30 September 2012. Key sizes Considering the budget of a large intelligence agency to be about US$300 million for a single ASIC machine, the recommended ''minimum'' key size is 84 bits, which would give protection for a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Initialization Vector
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same cryptographic key, key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the Block cipher mode of operation, modes of operation. Some cryptographic primitives require the IV only to be non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a cryptographic nonce, nonce (a number used only once), and the primitives (e.g. Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#CBC, CBC) are considered ''stateful'' rather than ''randomiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Stream Ciphers
A stream cipher is a symmetric key algorithm, symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext numerical digit, digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as ''state cipher''. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR). The pseudorandom keystream is typically generated serially from a random seed value using digital shift registers. The seed value serves as the cryptographic key for decrypting the ciphertext stream. Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of digits with a fixed, unvarying transformation. This distinction is not always clear-cut: in some block cipher mode of ope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |