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5-Lipoxygenase-activating Protein
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein also known as 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, or FLAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ALOX5AP'' gene. Function FLAP is necessary for the activation of 5-lipoxygenase and therefore for the production of leukotrienes, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, and specialized pro-resolving mediators of the lipoxin and resolvin classes. It is an integral protein within the nuclear membrane. FLAP is necessary in synthesis of leukotriene, which are lipid mediators of inflammation that is involved in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. FLAP functions as a membrane anchor for 5-lipooxygenase and as an amine acid-bind protein. How FLAP activates 5-lipooxygenase is not completely understood, but there is a physical interaction between the two. FLAP structure consists of 4 transmembrane alpha helices, but they are found in trimer forming a barrel. The barrel is about 60 Å high and 36 Å wide.; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-lipoxygenase
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, also known as ALOX5, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-LOX, or 5-LO, is a non-heme iron-containing enzyme (EC 1.13.11.34) that in humans is encoded by the ''ALOX5'' gene. Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase is a member of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. It transforms essential fatty acids (Essential fatty acid, EFA) substrates into leukotrienes as well as a wide range of other biologically active products. ALOX5 is a current target for pharmaceutical intervention in a number of diseases. Gene The ''ALOX5'' gene, which occupies 71.9 kilobase pairs (kb) on chromosome 10 (all other human lipoxygenases are clustered together on chromosome 17), is composed of 14 exons divided by 13 introns encoding the mature 78 kilodalton (kDa) ALOX5 protein consisting of 673 amino acids. The gene promoter region of ALOX5 contains 8 GC boxes but lacks TATA boxes or CAT boxes and thus resembles the gene promoters of typical housekeeping genes. Five of the 8 GC boxes are arranged in tandem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leukotriene
Leukotrienes are a family of eicosanoid inflammation, inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the redox, oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase. Leukotrienes use lipid signaling to convey information to either the cell producing them (autocrine signaling) or neighboring cells (paracrine signaling) in order to regulate immune responses. The production of leukotrienes is usually accompanied by the production of histamine and prostaglandins, which also act as inflammatory mediators. One of their roles (specifically, Leukotriene D4, leukotriene D4) is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is a major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Leukotriene antagonists are used to treat these disorders by inhibiting the production or activity of leukotrienes. History and name The name ''leukotriene'', introduced by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid
5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE, 5(''S'')-HETE, or 5''S''-HETE) is an eicosanoid, i.e. a metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is produced by diverse cell types in humans and other animal species. These cells may then metabolize the formed 5(''S'')-HETE to 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), 5(''S''),15(''S'')-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5(''S''),15(''S'')-diHETE), or 5-oxo-15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-15(''S'')-HETE). 5(''S'')-HETE, 5-oxo-ETE, 5(''S''),15(''S'')-diHETE, and 5-oxo-15(''S'')-HETE, while differing in potencies, share a common mechanism for activating cells and a common set of activities. They are therefore a family of structurally related metabolites. Animal studies and a limited set of human studies suggest that this family of metabolites serve as hormone-like autocrine and paracrine signalling agents that contribute to the up-regulation of acute inflammatory and allergic responses. In this capacity, these metabolites may be members of the i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators
Specialization or Specialized may refer to: Academia * Academic specialization, may be a course of study or major at an academic institution or may refer to the field in which a specialist practices * Specialty (medicine), a branch of medical practice Biology * Cellular differentiation, the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type * Specialty (medicine), a branch of medical science * Generalist and specialist species, in biology and ecology Computer science * Partial template specialization, a particular form of class template specialization * Template specialization, a style of computer programming which allows alternative implementations to be provided based on certain characteristics of the parameterized type that is being instantiated Economics and industry * Departmentalization, refers to the process of grouping activities into departments * Division of labour, the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscrib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipoxin
A lipoxin (LX or Lx), an acronym for lipoxygenase interaction product, is a bioactive autacoid metabolite of arachidonic acid made by various cell types. They are categorized as nonclassic eicosanoids and members of the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) family of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites. Like other SPMs, LXs form during an inflammatory response and act to resolve it. The first lipoxins identified were lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4), followed by their respective epimers, the epi-lipoxins 15-epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4. History LXA4 and LXB4 were first described by Charles Serhan, Mats Hamberg, and Bengt Samuelsson in 1984. They reported that human blood neutrophils, when stimulated, make these two lipoxins and that neutrophils, when stimulated by either of the LXs, mounted superoxide anion (O2−) generation and degranulation responses. Both responses are considered to be pro-inflammatory in that, while aimed at neutralizing invading ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resolvin
Resolvins are specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) derived from omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as from two isomers of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), one omega-3 and one omega-6 fatty acid. As autacoids similar to hormones acting on local tissues, resolvins are under preliminary research for their involvement in promoting restoration of normal cellular function following the inflammation that occurs after tissue injury. Resolvins belong to a class of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites termed specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs). Biochemistry and production Resolvins (Rvs) fall into several sub-classes based on the straight chain PUFA from which they are formed and derive their unique structure. The resolvins Ds (RvDs) are metabolites of the 22-carbon PUFA, DHA (i.e. 4''Z'',7''Z'',10''Z'',13''Z'',16''Z'',19''Z''-docosahexaenoic acid); the resolvins Es (RvEs) are metabolites of the 20-ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Trimer
image:4tsv bio r 250.jpg, thumbnail, 400px, Trimeric form of a TNF-α mutant In biochemistry, a protein trimer is a Macromolecule, macromolecular Complex (chemistry), complex formed by three, usually covalent bond, non-covalently bound, macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. A protein trimer often occurs from the assembly of a protein's Protein quaternary structure, quaternary structure. The non-covalent interactions between the Hydrophobe, hydrophobic and Hydrophile, hydrophilic regions on the polypeptides units help to stabilize the quaternary structure. Since a protein trimer is composed of multiple polypeptide subunits, it is considered an oligomer. A homotrimer would be formed by three identical molecules. A heterotrimer would be formed by three different macromolecules. Type II Collagen is an example of homotrimeric protein, while Type I collagen is an AAB-type heterotrimeric protein. An example of viral protein homotrimeric protein is mammarenavirus of Z matrix prote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AM-679 (FLAP Inhibitor)
AM-679 is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). This protein is involved in the production of cysteinyl leukotrienes which are involved in inflammation, and AM-679 has anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation, fever or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics. These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechan ... effects in animal studies. References {{Leukotrienergics Indoles Tert-butyl compounds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MK-886
MK-886, or L-663536, is a leukotriene antagonist. It may perform this by blocking the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP), thus inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and may help in treating atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a pattern of the disease arteriosclerosis, characterized by development of abnormalities called lesions in walls of arteries. This is a chronic inflammatory disease involving many different cell types and is driven by eleva .... MK-886 is a synthesized chemical compound known for its role in inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). Key part in leukotriene biosynthesis. It has potential therapeutic applications in different types of cancer when paired up with other synthetically made chemical compounds. This includes the cancer cells doing apoptosis and suppress tumor cell growth independent from leukotriene inhibition with some cases. Mechanism of action Originally MK-886 was made as a FLAP inhibitor which has some interference wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
