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4-Iodotoluene
Iodotoluenes are aryl iodides based on toluene in which at least one aromatic hydrogen atom is replaced with an iodine atom. They have the general formula C7H8–''n''I''n'', where ''n'' = 1–5 is the number of iodine atoms. Monoiodotoluene Monoiodotoluenes are iodotoluenes containing one iodine atom. There are three isomers, each with the formula C7H7I. Properties The isomers differ in the location of the iodine, but have the same chemical formula. Benzyl iodide is an isomer, which has an iodine substituted for one of the hydrogens of toluene's methyl group, and it is sometimes named α-bromoiodine. Preparation A laboratory route to ''o''- and ''p''-iodotoluene proceeds from toluene, which is treated with a mixture of iodine and nitric acid in an electrophilic aromatic substitution. The resulting mixture of ''o'' and ''p''-iodotoluene is then separated by fractional freezing; cooling the mixture in an ice bath results in solidification of ''p''-iodotoluene, which can the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Iodobenzoic Acid
4-Iodobenzoic acid, or ''p''-iodobenzoic acid, is an isomer of iodobenzoic acid. Structure X-ray crystallography of 4-iodobenzoic acid has shown that it crystallizes in the solid state as hydrogen-bonded dimers which stack perpendicular to their aromatic rings. The iodine atoms of adjacent dimers are also oriented towards each other due to van der Waals forces. Preparation 4-Iodobenzoic acid may be prepared in the laboratory by the oxidation of ''p''-iodotoluene with potassium permanganate. Reactions The carboxylic acid functionality of 4-iodobenzoic acid undergoes Fischer–Speier esterification with methanol Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with the chemical formula (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often ab ... to form the ester methyl 4-iodobenzoate. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Iodobenzoic acid, 4- Benzoic acids 4-Iodophen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aryl Iodide
In organic chemistry, an aryl halide (also known as a haloarene) is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide ion (such as fluorine F''−'', chlorine Cl−1,−3,−5, bromine Br−1, or iodine I−). Aryl halides are distinct from haloalkanes (alkyl halides) due to significant differences in their methods of preparation, chemical reactivity, and physical properties. The most common and important members of this class are aryl chlorides, but the group encompasses a wide range of derivatives with diverse applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Classification according to halide Aryl fluorides Aryl fluorides are used as synthetic intermediates, e.g. for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and liquid crystals. The conversion of diazonium salts is a well established route to aryl fluorides. Thus, anilines are precursors to aryl fluorides. In the classic Schiemann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzyl Iodide
Benzyl iodide is an organic compound with the chemical formula . The compound consists of a benzene ring with an attached iodidemethyl group. The substance is an alkyl halide and is a constitutional isomer of the iodotoluenes. Synthesis Benzyl iodide can be obtained via the Finkelstein reaction from benzyl chloride and sodium iodide in acetone. Properties Benzyl iodide forms colorless to yellow needles, melting at 24.5 °C.''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 90. Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2009, , Section 3, ''Physical Constants of Organic Compounds'', p. 3-306. As a liquid, the compound has the high refractive index of 1.6334. Benzyl iodide is also a powerful lachrymator. See also * Benzyl bromide * Benzyl chloride * Benzyl fluoride References {{Chemical agents Organoiodides Benzyl compounds Lachrymatory agents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iodobenzene Derivatives
Iodobenzene is an aryl iodide and the simplest of the iodobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one iodine atom. Its chemical formula is . It is useful as a synthetic intermediate in organic chemistry. It is a volatile colorless liquid, although aged samples appear yellowish. Preparation Iodobenzene is commercially available, or it can be prepared in the laboratory from aniline via the diazotization reaction. In the first step, the amine functional group is Diazonium compound, diazotized with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. Potassium iodide is added to the resultant phenyldiazonium chloride, causing nitrogen gas to evolve. The product is separated by steam distillation. : Alternatively, it can be produced by refluxing iodine and nitric acid with benzene. Reactions Since the C–I bond is weaker than C–Br or C–Cl, iodobenzene is more reactive than bromobenzene or chlorobenzene. Iodobenzene reacts readily with magnesium to form the Grignard reagent, ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromotoluene
Bromotoluenes are aryl bromides based on toluene in which at least one aromatic hydrogen atom is replaced with a bromine atom. They have the general formula C7H8–''n''Br''n'', where ''n'' = 1–5 is the number of bromine atoms. Monobromotoluene Monobromotoluenes are bromotoluenes containing one bromine atom. There are three isomers, each with the formula C7H7Br. Properties The isomers differ in the location of the bromine, but have the same chemical formula. Benzyl bromide is an isomer, which has a bromine substituted for one of the hydrogens of toluene's methyl group, and it is sometimes named α-bromotoluene. Preparation A laboratory route to ''p''-bromotoluene proceeds from ''p''-toluidine, which is Diazotization, diazotiized followed by treatment with copper(I) bromide. Uses Bromotoluenes are precursors to many Organic compound, organic building blocks. For example, the methyl group may be oxidized using potassium permanganate to form the corresponding bromobenzoic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorotoluene
Chlorotoluenes are aryl chlorides based on toluene in which at least one aromatic hydrogen atom is replaced with a chlorine atom. They have the general formula C7H8–''n''Cl''n'', where ''n'' = 1–5 is the number of chlorine atoms. Monochlorotoluene Monochlorotoluenes are chlorotoluenes containing one chlorine atom. There are three isomers, each with the formula C7H7Cl. Properties The isomers differ in the location of the chlorine, but have the same chemical formula. All have very similar boiling points, although ''p''-chlorotoluene has a much higher melting point due to a more tightly packed crystal structure. Benzyl chloride is an isomer, which has a chlorine substituted for one of the hydrogens of toluene's methyl group, and it is sometimes named α-chlorotoluene. Preparation A laboratory route to 2- and 4-chlorotoluene proceeds from 2- and 4-toluidines (i.e. 2- and 4-aminotoluene). These compounds are diazotization, diazotized followed by treatment with cuprous chlo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO4. It is a purplish-black crystalline salt, which dissolves in water as K+ and ions to give an intensely pink to purple solution. Potassium permanganate is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent, and also as a medication for dermatitis, for cleaning wounds, and general disinfection. It is commonly used as a biocide for water treatment purposes. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tons. Properties Potassium permanganate is the potassium salt of the tetrahedral transition metal oxo complex permanganate, in which four ligands are bound to a manganese(VII) center. Structure forms orthorhombic crystals with constants: ''a'' = 910.5 pm, ''b'' = 572.0 pm, ''c'' = 742.5 pm. The overall motif is similar to that for barium sulfate, with which it forms solid so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane ) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered inorganic, such as certain compounds of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen (e.g. cyanide ion , hydrogen cyanide , chloroformic acid , carbon dioxide , and carbonate ion ). Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, and even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of The American Chemical Society
The ''Journal of the American Chemical Society'' (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society. The journal has absorbed two other publications in its history, the ''Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry'' (July 1893) and the ''American Chemical Journal'' (January 1914). It covers all fields of chemistry. Since 2021, the editor-in-chief is Erick M. Carreira (ETH Zurich). In 2014, the journal moved to a hybrid open access publishing model. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2023 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 14.4. Editors-in-chief The following people are or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fractional Freezing
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals A metal () is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the Fermi level, as against no ..., or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freezing or progressive freezing. The initial sample is thus fractionation, fractionated (separation process, separated into fraction (chemistry), fractions). Partial crystallization can also be achieved by adding a dilute solvent to the mixture, and cooling and concentrating the mixture by evaporating the solvent, a process called solution crystallization. Fractional freezing is generally used to produce ultra-pure so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
