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3-Methoxymethcathinone
3-Methoxymethcathinone (3-MeOMC), also known as ''meta''-methoxymethcathinone (''m''-MeOMC), is a designer drug of the substituted cathinone family described as a stimulant. Similarly to other cathinones, it acts as a monoamine releasing agent, including of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. However, in contrast to cathinones and amphetamines, 3-MeOMC appears to show selectivity for induction of serotonin and dopamine release over release of norepinephrine, and hence may act as a partially selective serotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA). Its values are 129nM for dopamine release and 306nM for serotonin release ''in vitro'', whereas it only induced 68% release of norepinephrine at a concentration of 10μM. For comparison, other related cathinones, including cathinone, methcathinone, 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC; metaphedrone), 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC; mephedrone), and 4-methoxymethcathinone (4-MeOMC; methedrone), induced 94 to 101% release of norepinephrine at 1 ...
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Serotonin–dopamine Releasing Agent
A serotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA) is a type of drug which induces the synapse, release of serotonin and dopamine in the body and/or brain. SDRAs are rare, as it has proven extremely difficult to dissociate dopamine and norepinephrine release. However, in 2014, the first selective SDRAs, a series of substituted tryptamines, albeit also acting as serotonin receptor agonists, were described. A closely related type of drug is a serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRI), for instance UWA-101 (α-cyclopropyl-MDMA). Examples of SDRAs A number of tryptamine chemical derivative, derivatives, specifically substituted α-alkyltryptamine, α-alkyltryptamines, have been found to act as SDRAs. One such agent is 5-chloro-αMT (PAL-542), which has been reported as having about 64-fold selectivity for dopamine release over norepinephrine release and about 3-fold selectivity for serotonin release over dopamine release, making it a highly selective and well-balanced SDRA. Anothe ...
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Substituted Cathinone
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl functional group, group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, beta carbon, along with additional Substitution reaction, substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and drug addiction, addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, app ...
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Monoamine Releasing Agent
A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and hence enhanced signaling by those neurotransmitters. The monoamine neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; MRAs can induce the release of one or more of these neurotransmitters. MRAs work by reversing the direction of the monoamine transporters (MATs), including the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and/or dopamine transporter (DAT), causing them to promote efflux of non-vesicular cytoplasmic monoamine neurotransmitter rather than reuptake of synaptic monoamine neurotransmitter. Many, but not all MRAs, also reverse the direction of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), thereby additionally resulting in efflux of vesicular monoamine neuro ...
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Cathinones
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl functional group, group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, beta carbon, along with additional Substitution reaction, substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and drug addiction, addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, app ...
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2-Fluoromethcathinone
2-Fluoromethcathinone (2-FMC), also known as 2-flephedrone, is a psychostimulant and designer drug of the cathinone family. It acts as a dopamine and norepinephrine releasing agent (NDRA). Pharmacology The drug has an for dopamine release of 48.7nM and induces 85% release of norepinephrine at a concentration of 10μM. For comparison, the values of methcathinone are 49.9nM for dopamine release and 22.4nM for norepinephrine release and it induces 100% release of norepinephrine at a concentration of 10μM. Hence, compared to methcathinone, 2-FMC appears to be relatively more selective or efficacious for induction of dopamine release over norepinephrine release. It is notable in this regard that selective dopamine releasing agents are largely unknown. See also * 3-Methoxymethcathinone * 3-Fluoromethcathinone * 4-Fluoromethcathinone (flephedrone) * 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine (2-FMA) is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine family which has been used as ...
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4-methylmethcathinone
Mephedrone, also known as , , and , is a synthetic stimulant drug belonging to the amphetamine and cathinone classes. It is commonly referred to by slang names such as drone, , white magic, meow meow, and bubble. Chemically, it is similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant, native to eastern Africa. Mephedrone is typically found in tablet or crystal form, and users may swallow, snort, or inject it. Its effects are similar to those of MDMA, amphetamines, and cocaine, producing euphoria and increased sociability. Mephedrone is rapidly absorbed, with a half-life of about 2 hours, and is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 enzymes. Its effects are dose-dependent. Side effects can include cardiovascular changes and anxiety. Mephedrone was first synthesised in 1929 but remained relatively obscure until it was rediscovered around 1999–2000. At that time, it was legal to produce and possess in many countries. By 2000, mephedrone was available for sale on the internet. By ...
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Methoxyphenethylamines
Methoxyphenethylamine, or monomethoxyphenethylamine, may refer to: * 2-Methoxyphenethylamine (2-MPEA) * 3-Methoxyphenethylamine (3-MPEA) * 4-Methoxyphenethylamine (4-MPEA) See also * Substituted methoxyphenethylamine * Dimethoxyphenethylamine * Trimethoxyphenethylamine * Methoxyamphetamine * Dimethoxyamphetamine * Trimethoxyamphetamine {{Chemistry index Methoxyphenethylamines ...
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Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall an ...
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Designer Drugs
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human tr ...
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