2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai Eruption And Tsunami
In December 2021, an volcanic eruption, eruption began on Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, a submarine volcano in the Tongan archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean. The eruption reached a very large and powerful climax nearly four weeks later, on 15 January 2022. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is north of Tongatapu, the country's main island, and is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand to Fiji.Gupta, Alok K. ''Igneous Rocks'' Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers, 1998 On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated at least a VEI-5. Described by scientists as a "magma hammer", the volcano at its height produced a series of four underwater thrusts, displaced of rock, ash and sediment, and generated the largest atmospheric explosion recorded by modern instrumentation. The eruption produced a volcanic tsunami that affected Tonga, Fiji, American Samoa, Samoa, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Japan, the United ...
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Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai () is a submarine volcano in the Pacific Ocean, South Pacific located about south of the submarine volcano of Fonuafo'ou, Fonuafoou and north of Tongatapu, Tonga's main island. It is part of the highly active Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone and its associated volcanic arc, which extends from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji, and is formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate. It lies about above an active seismic zone. The volcano rises around 2,000 m from the seafloor and has a caldera which on the eve of the 2022 eruption was roughly 150 m below sea level and 4 km at its widest extent. The only major above-water part of the volcano are the twin uninhabited islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai, which are respectively part of the northern and western rim of the caldera. As a result of the volcano's eruptive history, the islands existed as a single landmass from 2015 to 2022: they were merged by ...
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