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1991 Zeila Incursion
The 1991 Zeila incursion ( Somali: ) was a Djiboutian-backed incursion during the Somaliland War of Independence led by the United Somali Front (USF), purporting to politically represent the Issa clans in the western Awdal region of Somaliland, with the goal of annexing the towns of Zeila, Loyada and Gerisa (Zeyla triangle) to Djibouti. A combined force of United Somali Front (USF) militia fighters mostly consisting of Issa from Djibouti and remnant Somalian regiments of the Darod clan entered Somaliland and temporarily took over parts of western Awdal, including Zeila, Loyada and Gerisa, before being routed by SNM forces. Background In the late 1980s, the Issa of Awdal region, led by Abdirahman Dualeh Ali, a former SNM leader, formed the United Somali Front (USF). The militia was discreetly supported and remotely controlled by current Djiboutian president Ismail Omar Guelleh, then head of the Djibouti secret service and the nephew of former then ruling president Hassan Gouled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Somaliland War Of Independence
The Somaliland War of Independence () was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somali Democratic Republic, Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. As a direct response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the Isaaq people, in April 1981 a group of Isaaq businesspeople, students, former civil servants and former politicians founded the Somali National Movemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darod
The Darod (, ) is a Somali clan. The forefather of this clan is Sheikh Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, more commonly known as Darod. The clan primarily settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheries, the Somali hinterlands adjacent to Oromia (Ogaden), and both sides of the Kenya–Somalia border. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection – N.B. Various authorities indicate that the Darod is one of the largest Somali clan, whereas others suggest that the Hawiye is the largest Somali clan within Somalia, nevertheless, there is an available census that was conducted along the lines of clan affiliates. The Darod clan is the largest Somali clan family in the Horn of Africa. Origins According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, Aqeel Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib Al-Qurashi descendant Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod), a son of the Sufism, Sufi Sheikh Isma'il al-Jabarti of the Qadiriyyah order, fled his homeland in the Arabian Peninsula after an ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military History Of Djibouti
The military history of Djibouti encompasses the major conflicts involving the historic empires and sultanates in the territory of present-day Djibouti, through to modern times. It also covers the martial traditions and hardware employed by Djiboutian armies and their opponents. In antiquity, the territory was part of the Land of Punt. The Djibouti area, along with other localities in the Horn region, was later the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was established following treaties signed by the ruling Issa Somali and Afar Sultans with the French. It was subsequently renamed to the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas in 1967. A decade later, the Djiboutian people voted for independence, officially marking the establishment of the Republic of Djibouti. Ancient and Medieval Ifat-Solomonic Wars Taddesse Tamrat explains Sultan Umar's military expedition as an effort to consolidate the Muslim territories ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1991 In Djibouti
It was the final year of the Cold War, which had begun in 1947. During the year, the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of dirigism, license raj and autarky and began extensive liberalisation to its economy. This increased GDP but also increased income inequality over the next two decades. A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade. In the context of the apartheid, the year after the liberation of political prisoner Nelson Mandela, the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battles In 1991
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The word "battle" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word "battle" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, and the Battle of France, all in World War II. Wars and military campaigns are guided by military strategy, whereas battl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1991 In Somaliland
It was the final year of the Cold War, which had begun in 1947. During the year, the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of dirigism, license raj and autarky and began extensive liberalisation to its economy. This increased GDP but also increased income inequality over the next two decades. A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade. In the context of the apartheid, the year after the liberation of political prisoner Nelson Mandela, the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Somali Salvation Democratic Front
Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) (), initially known as the Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia, was a political and paramilitary umbrella organization in Somalia. Founded in 1978 by several army officers, it was the first of several opposition groups dedicated to ousting the authoritarian regime of Mohamed Siad Barre.Nina J. Fitzgerald, ''Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography'', (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.25. With its power base mainly within the Majeerteen clan, SSDF played a significant role in the country's complex political landscape during the late 1970s and 2000s, and succeeded with establishing the autonomous Puntland state in northeastern Somalia. Early history On October 15, 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by a policeman in his security team. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on October 21, 1969 (the day after his funeral), in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ogaden (clan)
The Ogaden (, ) is one of the major Somali clans in the Horn of Africa. Overview Members of the Ogaden clan primarily live in the central Ogaden plateau of Ethiopia (Somali Region), the North Eastern Province (Kenya), North Eastern Province of Kenya, and the Jubaland region of Southern Somalia. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008, the Ogaden is the largest Darod clan in Ethiopia's Somali Region, and may account for 40 to 50 percent of the Somali population in Ethiopia. The Ogaden clan "constitutes the backbone of the Ogaden National Liberation Front, ONLF". In particular, the ONLF operates in Ogaden areas. History Pre-colonial era The Ogaden were the principal force behind a series of Somali expansions that led to expulsion of the Wardey from west of the Jubba River and displacing the Boorana in parts of the North Eastern Province in the 19th century. Frank Linsly James, one of the first Europeans to travel deep into Ogaden territory while being accompanied by Lord Philip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majeerteen
The Majeerteen, (, ; also spelled Majerteen, Macherten, Majertain, or Mijurtin) alternately known as Mohammed Harti, are a Somali sub-clan part of the Harti branch of the Darod, Darod clan. Traditionally, they inhabit extensive territories in the Bari, Somalia, Bari, Nugal, Somalia, Nugaal, and Mudug regions of Somalia, spanning from Bosaso to Garacad, mainly in Puntland state. Additionally, Majeerteen populations are present in southern towns such as Kismayo. Overview The #Majeerteen Sultanates, Majeerteen Sultanates played an important role in the pre-independence era of Somalia. The Majeerteen also held many other significant government posts in the 1960s and 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland state and Somalia as a whole. For the treaty between the Majeerteen and colonial powers, see "treaties". Distribution The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in Somalia's northern regions of Bari, Somalia, Bari, Nugal, Somalia, Nugal and Mudug.Royal African Society, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Elders (Somaliland)
The House of Elders (, ), also known as the Guurti, is the upper house of the Parliament of Somaliland. It has 82 members, representing traditional leaders. The House of Elders is mandated with considering bills proposed by the lower house of the parliament, the Somaliland House of Representatives. Somaliland National Charter of 1993 established bicameral legislature. It was at a national gathering of clan elders at the 1993 conference in Boorama that delegates assigned the Guurti the role of peacemaker and upper house of the legislature. The term of office for the House of Elders is six years, but it has never been re-elected since it was founded in 1993. In contrast, members of the Somaliland's House of Representatives, Somaliland's Lower house, are elected through democratic elections. According to the Somaliland Constitution, the House of Elders has the power to reject a resolution of the House of Representatives, but the will of the House of Representatives prevails if th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suleiman Mohamoud Adan
Suleiman Mohamoud Adan (, ), also known as Saleebaan Gaal is a Somaliland politician and the current speaker of Somaliland House of Elders since 28 August 2004. Biography Suleiman Mohamoud Adan Yusuf was born in 1937. He belongs to the Solomadow subclan of the Habr Je'lo Isaaq. Suleiman worked as a teacher and principal in various schools throughout Somalia, eventually rising to become the director of the Somali Curriculum Development Office. In 1980 he was appointed Deputy Minister of Education, and in 1987 he was appointed the Deputy Minister of Fisheries. He later defected to the Somali National Movement in 1989. In 1991 he was appointed Minister of Interior in Somaliland's first government under President Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur. Under President Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal's administration, he also served as Minister of Education and later as the Minister of Finance. In 1997, he contested Somaliland’s 1997 presidential election against incumbent President Mohamed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
