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1984 European Parliament Election In Italy
The 1984 European Parliament election in Italy was held on 17 June 1984. The election took place just six days after the death of Italian Communist Party (PCI) leader Enrico Berlinguer; this fact greatly influenced the vote, producing a historic result. This election was the only time in Italian history that the Communists placed first in a national election, overcoming the dominance of Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy. Electoral system The pure party-list proportional representation was the traditional electoral system of the Italian Republic since its foundation in 1946, so it had been adopted to elect the Italian representatives to the European Parliament too. Two levels were used: a national level to divide seats between parties, and a constituency level to distribute them between candidates. Italian regions were united in 5 constituencies, each electing a group of deputies. At national level, seats were divided between party lists using the largest remainder m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1979 European Parliament Election In Italy
The 1979 European Parliament election in Italy was held on 10 June 1979. A week before Italy had voted for its 1979 Italian general election, general election: the lack of matching between the two elections caused much controversy for wasting public money. Electoral system The pure party-list proportional representation was the traditional electoral system of the Italian Republic since its foundation in 1946, so it was naturally adopted to elect the Italian representatives to the European Parliament. Two levels were used: a national level to divide seats between parties, and a constituency level to distribute them between candidates. Italian regions were united in 5 constituencies, each electing a group of deputies. At national level, seats were divided between party lists using the largest remainder method with Hare quota. All seats gained by each party were automatically distributed to their local open lists and their most voted candidates. Results This election taking p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pietro Longo
Pietro Longo (born 29 October 1935) is an Italian politician. Longo was born in Rome. His mother, Rosetta Longo, from Campobasso, was a member of the Italian Socialist Party (''Partito Socialista Italiano''; PSI). Longo studied social sciences and was one of the founders of the Censis (Italian Census Institute). On 20 October 1978, he became secretary of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (''Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano''; PSDI). He was confirmed as secretary in the party's 18th congress, held in Rome in February 1980, and in the 19th, held in Milan in March 1982. Longo was also minister for Economic Balance in Bettino Craxi's first cabinet. In 1984 he had to resign first from his government position, and later (1985) as secretary, after the Loggia P2 scandal, whose list of members had included him since 1981. He was succeeded as PSDI secretary by Franco Nicolazzi. He failed to be elected to Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the Western half of the ancient Mediterranean world, the Latin West of the Roman Empire, and "Western Christendom". Beginning with the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery, roughly from the 15th century, the concept of ''Europe'' as "the Western world, West" slowly became distinguished from and eventually replaced the dominant use of "Christendom" as the preferred endonym within the area. By the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the concepts of "Eastern Europe" and "Western Europe" were more regularly used. The distinctiveness of Western Europe became most apparent during the Cold War, when Europe was divided for 40 years by the Iron Curtain into the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc, each characterised by distinct political and economical systems. Historical divisions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open List
Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a Political party, party's candidates are elected. This is as opposed to closed list, in which party lists are in a predetermined, fixed order by the time of the election and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the party list. An open list system allows voters to select individuals rather than, or in addition to parties. Different systems give the voter different amounts of influence to change the default ranking. The voter's candidate choices are usually called preference vote; the voters are usually allowed one or more preference votes for the open list candidates. Open lists differ from mixed-member proportional representation, also known as "personalized proportional representation" in Germany. Some Mixed electoral system, mixed systems, however, may use open lists in their list-PR compon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hare Quota
The Hare quota (sometimes called the simple, ideal, or Hamilton quota) is the number of voters represented by each legislator in an idealized system of proportional representation where every vote is used to elect someone. The Hare quota is equal to the number of votes divided by the number of seats. The Hare quota was used in Thomas Hare's proposal for a single transferable vote system and can still be used for this purpose, though the Droop quota is used for most STV elections today. The Hare quota is often used to set electoral thresholds and to calculate apportionments under party-list proportional representation when using the largest remainder method. In such cases, the Hare quota gives unbiased apportionments that do not favor either large or small parties. However, unlike Droop's quota, the Hare quota does not guarantee a party with a majority of votes in the district will win at least half the seats. The quota was first proposed by Alexander Hamilton for use in Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Largest Remainder Method
Party-list proportional representation Apportionment methods The quota or divide-and-rank methods make up a category of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for allocating seats in a legislative body among multiple groups (e.g. parties or federal states). The quota methods begin by calculating an entitlement (basic number of seats) for each party, by dividing their vote totals by an electoral quota (a fixed number of votes needed to win a seat, as a unit). Then, leftover seats, if any are allocated by rounding up the apportionment for some parties. These rules are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods). By far the most common quota method are the largest remainders or quota-shift methods, which assign any leftover seats to the "plurality" winners (the parties with the largest remainders, i.e. most leftover votes). When using the Hare quota, this rule is called Hamilton's method, and is the third-most common ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Region
The regions of Italy () are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945), each region is divided into a number of provinces. History During the Kingdom of Italy, regions were mere statistical districts of the central state. Under the Republic, they were granted a measure of political autonomy by the 1948 Italian Constitution. The original draft list comprised the Salento region (which was eventually included in Apulia); ''Friuli'' and ''Venezia Giulia'' were separate regions, and Basilicata was named ''Lucania''. Abruzzo and Molise were identified as separate regions in the first draft, but were later merged into ''Abruzzi e Molise'' in the final constitution of 1948, before being se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party-list Proportional Representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered Political party, political parties, with each party being Apportionment (politics), allocated a certain number of seats Apportionment (politics), roughly proportional to their share of the vote. In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (Closed list, closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage). Voting In most party list systems, a voter will only support one party (a Choose-one voting, choose-one ballot). Open list systems may allow voters to suppor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enrico Berlinguer
Enrico Berlinguer (; 25 May 1922 – 11 June 1984) was an Italian politician and statesman. Considered the most popular leader of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), he led the PCI as the national secretary from 1972 until his death during a tense period in Italy's history, which was marked by the Years of Lead (Italy), Years of Lead and social conflicts, such as the Hot Autumn of 1969–1970. Berlinguer was born into a middle-class family; his father was a socialist who became a deputy and later senator. After leading the party's youth wing in his hometown, he led the PCI's youth wing, the Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI), at the national level from 1949 to 1956. In 1968, he was elected to the country's Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Chamber of Deputies, and he became the leader of the PCI in 1972; he remained a deputy until his death in 1984. Under his leadership, the number of votes for the PCI peaked. The PCI's results in 1976 remain the highest for any Italian left-wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sardinian Action Party
The Sardinian Action Party (, , PSd'Az or PSdA) is a Sardinian nationalism, Sardinian nationalist, Regionalism (politics), regionalist and Separatism, separatist list of political parties in Sardinia, political party in Sardinia founded by Sardinian anti-fascist intellectual Emilio Lussu. While being traditionally part of the Sardinian centre-left, the party has also sided with the Centre-right coalition (Italy), centre-right coalition and, more recently, with the Lega (political party), League. The PSd'Az is one of the oldest stateless nationalist parties active in Europe that promotes autonomy towards the ideal of independence. As such, the party was a founding member of the European Free Alliance in 1984, but was expelled in 2020 because of its alliance with the League. Christian Solinas, who has led the party since 2015, was elected senator in the 2018 Italian general election, 2018 general election and List of presidents of Sardinia, President of Sardinia in the 2019 Sardini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silvius Magnago
Silvius Magnago (5 February 191425 May 2010) was a South Tyrolean politician who served as Chairman of the South Tyrolean People's Party from 1957 to 1991 and as Governor of South Tyrol from 1960 to 1989. Biography Magnago was born in Merano, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on 5 February 1914. In 1936 he graduated from the grammar school of the Franciscans in Bolzano. He studied law at the University of Bologna and graduated with a JD in June 1940. Because of his rejection of Italian Fascism he chose to move to Germany in 1939, but remained first in South Tyrol, where he worked in Bolzano for a commission to estimate the assets of the Tyroleans following the South Tyrol Option Agreement. He was eventually conscripted into the German Army as a lieutenant, and sent to the Eastern Front, where a severe injury lead to the amputation of his left leg. In the postwar period Magnago started his political activities in the municipal council of Bolzano as a memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mario Capanna
Mario Capanna (born 10 January 1945) is an Italian politician and writer. Biography Born in Città di Castello, he studied Philosophy at the Catholic University of Milan, and was the leader of the Italian students' movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1969 he was attacked by exponents of the neo-Fascist Italian Social Movement. In 1975 he entered politics, adhering to the Proletarian Unity Party (PdUP), which later merged with Proletarian Democracy (DP). Capanna was charismatic leader of the latter until 27 June 1987, when he resigned, succeeded by Giovanni Russo Spena. Capanna was elected for the DP to the Italian Chamber of Deputies (1983–1987), and to the European Parliament (1979). In 1989 he broke away from the Proletarian Democracy to form the Rainbow Greens party. Capanna is currently President of the Committee for Genetical Rights, an independent association devoted to information on Biotechnology Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
