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1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
The 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy (), also known as the 1978 Truth Criterion Discussion, sometimes referred to as the First Great Debate () in contemporary China, was a sociopolitical debate around 1978, mainly revolving around Hua Guofeng's " Two Whatevers" and Deng Xiaoping's " Reform and opening up". Background End of Cultural Revolution Death of Mao Zedong Mao Zedong, organizer of the Cultural Revolution and then Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), died on September 9, 1976, at the age of 82, which caused a power vacuum within the CCP. As Mao hadn't chosen an official successor and after conflicts between various factions emerged during and after the Cultural Revolution, Hua Guofeng, a moderate Maoist, held the position of chairman. Arrest of the Gang of Four One month after Mao's death, Hua Guofeng together with Ye Jianying and Wang Dongxing arrested the radical faction Gang of Four, which is thought to put an end to the Cultural Revolution. Begin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hua Guofeng
Hua Guofeng (; born Su Zhu; 16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008), alternatively spelled as Hua Kuo-feng, was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Premier of the People's Republic of China. The designated successor of Mao Zedong, Hua held the top offices of the government, party, and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai, but was gradually forced out of supreme power by a coalition of party leaders between December 1978 and June 1981, and subsequently retreated from the political limelight, though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002. Born and raised in Jiaocheng, Shanxi, Hua was educated at the Jiaocheng County Commercial School and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1938, seeing action in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War as a guerrilla fighter.Ye Yonglie, 邓小平改变中国——1978：中国命运大转折 (Deng Xiaoping Changed China-1978: Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Committee Of The Chinese Communist Party
The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, officially the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is a political body that comprises the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It is currently composed of 205 full members and 171 alternate members (see list). Members are nominally elected once every five years by the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. In practice, the selection process is done privately, usually through consultation of the CCP's Politburo and its corresponding Standing Committee. The Central Committee is, formally, the "party's highest organ of authority" when the National Congress is not in a plenary session. According to the CCP's constitution, the Central Committee is vested with the power to elect the General Secretary and the members of the Politburo and its Standing Committee, as well as the Central Military Commission. It endorses the composition of the Secretariat and the Central Commission for Disc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seek Truth From Facts
"Seek truth from facts" is a historically established idiomatic expression ('' chengyu'') in the Chinese language that first appeared in the ''Book of Han''. Originally, it described an attitude toward study and research. In modern Chinese culture The slogan became a key element of Maoism, first quoted by Mao Zedong during a speech at the Sixth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1938, in reference to pragmatism. Mao had probably remembered it as being the inscription on his alma mater, Hunan's First Teachers Training School. Beginning in 1978, it was further promoted by Deng Xiaoping as a central ideology of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and applied to economic and political reforms thereafter. Use in political context On 11 May 1978 journalist Hu Fuming published an article in ''Guangming Daily'' entitled "Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing the Truth"（）directly contradicting then CCP general secretary Hua Guofeng's line of the " Two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Publicity Department Of The Chinese Communist Party
The Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, also known as the Propaganda Department or Central Propaganda Department, is an internal division of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in charge of spreading CCP ideology, as well as creation and dissemination of propaganda. The department is also one of the main entities that enforces media censorship and control in the People's Republic of China. It was founded in May 1924, and was suspended during the Cultural Revolution, until it was restored in October 1977. In 2018, the newly created National Radio and Television Administration was put under its control. The department is a key organ in the CCP's propaganda system, and its inner operations are highly secretive. Name The CCPPD has several Chinese names with various different English translations, it is officially the ''Zhōngguó Gòngchăndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Xuānchuánbù'' "Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Public ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhang Pinghua
Zhang Pinghua (; April 1908 - July 23, 2001), born to a Hakka family in Yanling County, Hunan, China, was a Chinese politician. His former name was Zhang Chucai (). He joined the Chinese Communist Party in November 1927. He took part in the Northern Expedition and the "Long March" of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. After 1949, Zhang worked as a local officer in Hubei, Hunan, and Shanxi one after another. After the Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. Its stated go ..., he was appointed as the Head of the CCP Publicity Department and then the Vice President of the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party. Zhang died on July 23, 2001. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang, Pinghua 1908 births 2001 deaths Chinese Communist Party politici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Flag (magazine)
The ''Red Flag'' () was a journal on political theory, published by the Chinese Communist Party. It was one of the "Two Newspapers and One Magazine" during the 1960s and 1970s. The newspapers were '' People's Daily'' and ''Guangming Daily''. ''People's Liberation Army Daily'' is also regarded as one of them. History and profile ''Red Flag'' was started during the Great Leap Forward era in 1958. The journal was the successor to another journal, ''Study'' (Chinese: ''Xuexi''). The title of ''Red Flag'' was given by Mao Zedong. Chen Boda was the editor of the journal, which served as a crucial media outlet during the Cultural Revolution. In 1966, Pol Pot formed a similar magazine with the same name in Cambodia in Khmer, ''Tung Krahom'', modelled on ''Red Flag''. During the 1960s, ''Red Flag'' temporarily ended publication, but was restarted in 1968. The frequency of the journal was monthly between its start in 1958 and 1979. It was published bi-monthly from 1980 to 1988. ''Red ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Daily
The ''People's Daily'' () is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The newspaper provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the CCP. In addition to its main Chinese-language edition, the ''People's Daily'' is published in multiple languages. History The paper was established on 15 June 1948 and was published in Pingshan, Hebei, until its offices were moved to Beijing in March 1949. Ever since its founding, the ''People's Daily'' has been under direct control of the CCP's top leadership. Deng Tuo and Wu Lengxi served as editor-in-chief from 1948 to 1958 and 1958–1966, respectively, but the paper was in fact controlled by Mao Zedong's personal secretary Hu Qiaomu. During the Cultural Revolution, the ''People's Daily'' was one of the few sources of information from which either foreigners or Chinese could figure out what the Chinese government was doing or planning to do. During this period, an editorial i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guangming Daily
The ''Guangming Daily'', also known as the ''Enlightenment Daily'', is a national Chinese-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China. It was established in 1949 as the official paper of the China Democratic League. Starting from 1982, it was run by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and was officially recognized as an institution directly under the Central Committee of the CCP from 1994. As one of China's "big three" newspapers during the Cultural Revolution, it played an important role in the political struggle between Hua Guofeng and the Gang of Four in 1976 and between Hua and Deng Xiaoping in 1978. History The ''Guangming Daily'', then romanized as ''Kuangming'', was launched on 16 June 1949 in Beijing. It was originally the official newspaper of the China Democratic League, but later became the Chinese Communist Party's official organ for China's educated elite. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), ''Guangming Daily'' was one of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boluan Fanzheng
Boluan Fanzheng () or Poluan Fancheng, was a period in the history of People's Republic of China during which Deng Xiaoping, then paramount leader of China, led a far-reaching program attempting to correct the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution launched by Mao Zedong. The program gradually dismantled the Maoist policies associated with the Cultural Revolution, rehabilitated millions of victims who were persecuted during the Revolution, initiated various sociopolitical reforms, and brought the country back to order in a systematic way. The Boluan Fanzheng period is regarded as an important transition period in China's history, which served as the bedrock of the historic Reform and Opening-up program starting on December 18, 1978. After the Cultural Revolution ended in 1976, Deng Xiaoping first proposed the idea of "Boluan Fanzheng" in September 1977. With the help of his allies such as Hu Yaobang who later became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Deng wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Party School Of The Chinese Communist Party
The Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party (), commonly known as the Central Party School (), located in Beijing, is the higher education institution which trains Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadres. As of 2012, it has around 1,600 students. The current president is Chen Xi, a member of the CCP Politburo. The location of the school is now in Haidian district, Beijing close to the Old Summer Palace and Summer Palace. History The Party School was established as the CCP Central Committee's Marx School of Communism () in Ruijin, Jiangxi in 1933. It folded when the Red Army left on the Long March and was revived again once the CCP leadership had arrived and settled in Shaanxi, northwest China, in the winter of 1936. It was then renamed the Central Party School. The School was suspended in 1947 when the CCP retreated from Yan'an. It was re-opened in 1948 in a village in Pingshan County, Hebei province, before being moved to Beijing after the CCP captured the city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hu Yaobang
Hu Yaobang (; 20 November 1915 – 15 April 1989) was a high-ranking official of the China, People's Republic of China. He held the top office of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1987, first as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Chairman from 1981 to 1982, then as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, General Secretary from 1982 to 1987. Hu joined the CCP in the 1930s, and rose to prominence as a comrade of Deng Xiaoping. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Hu was purged, recalled, and purged again by Mao Zedong. After Deng rose to power, following the death of Mao Zedong, Hu played a role in the "Boluan Fanzheng" program. Throughout the 1980s, Hu pursued a series of economic and political reforms under the direction of Deng. Hu's political and economic reforms made him the enemy of several powerful Eight Elders, Party elders, who opposed free market reforms and Hu's reforms of China's government. When widespread 1986 Chinese student de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Democracy Movement
Democracy movements of China are a series of organized political movements, inside and outside of China, addressing a variety of grievances, including objections to socialist bureaucratism and objections to the continuation of the one-party rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) itself. The Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981 is typically regarded as the beginning of contemporary Chinese democracy movement. In addition to the Democracy Wall movement, the events of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre are among the notable examples of Chinese democracy movements. History The beginning of China's democracy movements is usually regarded as the Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981. The Democracy Wall movement framed the key issue as the elimination of bureaucratism and the bureaucratic class. Former Red Guards from both rebel and conservative factions were the core of the movement. Democracy Wall participants agreed that "democra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
