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1947 Iranian Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran in 1947. The newly elected parliament was opened on 17 July.Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p67 The election was a three-way power struggle between Ahmad Qavam, Mohammad Reza Shah and pro-Britain conservative politicians. Prime Minister Qavam's control over electoral machinery was in many districts challenged by "Imperial Iranian Army officers, independent local magnets and pro-British provincial governors". A public protest by shopkeepers, bazaaris and university students and headed by Mohammad Mosaddegh among other politicians was held to call for a free elections, however, despite Qavam's promise to hold a free election, it was " rigged" and his Democrat Party of Iran won the majority, including all 12 seats in Tehran. Fraction members References Further reading *''Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Iran
The Islamic Consultative Assembly ( fa, مجلس شورای اسلامی, Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran. The Parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election. The most recent election took place on 21 February 2020 and the new parliament convened on 28 May 2020. History Islamic Republic of Iran After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Senate of Iran was abolished and was effectively replaced by the Guardian Council thus the Iranian legislature remained bicameral. In the 1989 revision of the constitution, the ''National Consultative Assembly'' became the ''Islamic Consultative Assembly''. The Parliament of Iran has had six chairmen since the Iranian Revolution. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was the first chairman, from 1980 to 1989. Then came Mehdi Karroubi (1989� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jungle Party
The Jungle Party ( fa, حزب جنگل, Ḥezb-e Jangal; also translated Forest Party) was a secessionist party active in northern Iran during 1940s. The party was founded by armed rebels and some of Mirza Kuchik Khan's old associates who tried to revive the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic created in 1921 and used its red flag as a symbol. It allied with the Iran Party, Tudeh Party of Iran, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Azerbaijani Democratic Party in 1946. See also * Jungle Movement of Gilan The Jangal (Jungle) Movement, in Gilan, was a rebellion against the monarchist rule of the central government of Sublime State of Iran, which lasted from 1915 to 1921. History of the movement In 1915, Mirza Kuchik Khan, an experienced activist ... References 1941 establishments in Iran 1947 disestablishments in Iran Defunct nationalist parties Defunct socialist parties in Iran Iranian nationalism Nationalist parties in Iran Political parties disestablished in 194 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
Mohammad-Taqi Bahar ( fa, محمدتقی بهار; also romanized as Mohammad-Taqī Bahār; 10 December 1886 in Mashhad – 22 April 1951 in Tehran), widely known as Malek osh-Sho'arā ( fa, ملکالشعراء) and Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār ("poet laureate," literally: ''the king of poets''), was a renowned Iranian poet, scholar, politician, journalist, historian and Professor of Literature. Although he was a 20th-century poet, his poems are fairly traditional and strongly nationalistic in character. Bahar was father of prominent Iranist, linguist, mythologist and Persian historian Mehrdad Bahar. Biography Mohammad-Taqí Bahār was born on 10 December 1886 in the Sarshoor District of Mashhad, the capital city of the Khorasan Province in the north-east of Iran. His father was Mohammad Kazem Sabouri, the Poet Laureate of the shrine in Mashhad who held the honorific title of ''Malek o-Sho'arā'' ("King of Poets"), while his mother was a devout woman named Hajjiyeh Sakineh Kh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad-Reza Hekmat
Reza Hekmat ( fa, رضا حکمت; 1891 – 15 March 1978) was a Prime Minister of Iran. He became Prime Minister of Iran on 18 December 1947 and was in office until 29 December 1947 for only 11 days. He was a speaker of Parliament of Iran from 1947 to 1955. He was born in Shiraz in 1891 and died in Tehran in 1978 at the age of 87. Some sources claim that Hekmat’s paternal family were Iranian Jews who had converted to Islam during the mid-nineteenth century. See also *Pahlavi dynasty The Pahlavi dynasty ( fa, دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty, ruling for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier in modern times, who ... * List of prime ministers of Iran References Prime Ministers of Iran 1891 births 1978 deaths 20th-century Iranian people Democrat Party of Iran politicians Speakers of the National Consultative Assembly Grand Crosses 1st c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Fraud
Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with voter suppression. What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country. Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud, * also at but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel. Although technically the term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, the term is sometimes used to describe acts which are legal, but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of democracy. Show elections, featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Republic Of Iran Army
, founded = , current_form = (Islamic Republic) , disbanded = , branches = , headquarters = Khatam-al Anbiya Central Headquarters, Tehran , website = , commander-in-chief = Maj. Gen. Abdolrahim Mousavi , commander-in-chief_title = Chief Commander , chief_of_staff = Brig. Gen. Mohammad-Hossein Dadras , chief_of_staff_title = Deputy Commander-in-Chief , age = 18 , conscription = 21 months , manpower_data = , manpower_age = , available = , available_f = , fit = , fit_f = , reaching = , reaching_f = , active = 420,000 *350,000 *37,000 *18,000 *15,000 , ranked = , reserve = , deployed = , amount = $2.75 billion (2022) , percent_GDP = , domestic_suppliers = , foreign_suppliers = , imports = , exports ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many List of islands of the United Kingdom, smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border, a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is , with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people. The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. The Treaty of Union between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Reza Shah
, title = Shahanshah Aryamehr Bozorg Arteshtaran , image = File:Shah_fullsize.jpg , caption = Shah in 1973 , succession = Shah of Iran , reign = 16 September 1941 – 11 February 1979 , coronation = 26 October 1967 , predecessor = Reza Shah , successor = ''Monarchy abolished'' Ruhollah Khomeini as Supreme Leader , birth_date = , birth_place = Tehran, Sublime State of Persia , death_date = , death_place = Cairo, Egypt , burial_place = 29 July 1980Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt , spouse = , issue = , regnal name = Mohammad Reza Shah fa, محمدرضا شاه , native_lang1 = Alma mater , native_lang1_name1 = , house = Pahlavi , father = Reza Shah , mother = Tadj ol-Molouk , religion = Twelver Shi’ism , signature = , module = Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ( fa, محمدرضا پهلوی, ; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (), wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Power Struggle
In political science and political history, the term power vacuum, also known as a power void, is an analogy between a physical vacuum to the political condition "when someone in a place of power, has lost control of something and no one has replaced them." The situation can occur when a government has no identifiable central power or authority. The physical analogy suggests that in a power vacuum, other forces will tend to "rush in" to fill the vacuum as soon as it is created, perhaps in the form of an armed militia or insurgents, military coup, warlord or dictator. The term is also often used in organized crime when a crime family becomes vulnerable to competition. Hereditary or statutory order of succession or effective succession planning are orderly ways to resolve questions of succession to positions of power. When such methods are unavailable, such as in failed dictatorships or civil wars, a power vacuum arises, which prompts a power struggle entailing political competition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dieter Nohlen
Dieter Nohlen (born 6 November 1939) is a German academic and political scientist. He currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg. An expert on electoral systems and political development, he has published several books. IDEA Bibliography Books published by Nohlen include: *''Electoral systems of the world'' (in German, 1978) *''Lexicon of politics'' (seven volumes) *''Elections and Electoral Systems'' (1996) *''Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook'' (1999 with Michael Krennerich and Bernhard Thibaut) *''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook'' (2001 with and Christof Hartmann) ** ''Volume 2: South East Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific'' (2002), *''Vo ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to the north, by Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and by the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. It covers an area of , making it the 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of 86 million, making it the 17th-most populous country in the world, and the second-largest in the Middle East. Its largest cities, in descending order, are the capital Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, and Tabriz. The country is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BC. It was first unified by the Medes, an ancient Iranian people, in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Iran
The Prime Minister of Iran was a political post that had existed in Iran (Persia) during much of the 20th century. It began in 1906 during the Qajar dynasty and into the start of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1923 and into the 1979 Iranian Revolution before being abolished in 1989. History of the office Qajar era In the Qajar era, prime ministers were known by different titles. The post itself was mainly known as ''ataabak'' or ''ataabak-e a'zam'' (grand ''ataabak''), or sometimes ''sadr-e a'zam'' (premier) at the beginning, but became ''ra'is ol-vozaraa'' (head of ministers) at the end. The title of ''nakhost vazir'' (prime minister) was rarely used. The prime minister was usually called by the honorific title ''hazrat-e ashraf''. Reza Khan Sardar Sepah became the last prime minister of the Qajar dynasty in 1923. For a list of Iranian 'prime ministers' prior to 1907 see List of Grand Viziers of Persia. Pahlavi era In 1925, Reza Shah became Shah of Iran. He installed Mohammad-Ali F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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