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1864 års Näringsförordning
Förordningen för utvidgad näringsfrihet ('Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade'), also known as 1864 års näringsförordning ('Trade Decree of 1864'), was a Swedish law reform introduced 18 Jun 1864. It was law until 1968. The reform continued the reform of Swedish commercial life, initiated by the Fabriks och Handtwerksordning and Handelsordningen of 1846, by introducing complete freedom of economy. It abolished all requirements and privileges of the guild A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes ...s and removed all restrictions of trade and handicrafts professions in the cities as well as the country side and granted the right to start a business to all citizens of legal majority, or those with permission from their guardian, regardless of gender.Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fabriks Och Handtwerksordning
Fabriks och Handtwerksordning ('Factory and Handicrafts Regulation') was a business law reform introduced in Sweden 22 December 1846. It is foremost remembered as the reform that abolished the system of the guilds in Sweden. The law transformed the guilds to handicrafts associations with the task to approve the qualifications of those applying to the authorities for permission to practice a certain profession within trade and handicrafts. Male applicants were still required to study under a master, pass the test and apply for membership of the guild. Female applicants of legal majority, meaning widows, divorced women and unmarried women who had been legally declared of legal majority by court petition, as well as married women with permission from their husbands, were allowed to apply for any profession within trade and handicrafts without having to become a guild member.Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013, s 270 The former ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handelsordningen
Handelsordningen ('Trade Regulation') was a business law reform introduced in Sweden 22 December 1846. The reform abolished the legal differences between retail business and wholesaling business, transformed the trade guild A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes ...s to trade associations, and granted all men over the age of 21 the right to apply for a trade permit as long as they mastered the four mathematics operations and bookkeeping. Women were given the same right as long as they were of legal majority (widows, divorced women, or unmarried women who had themselves declared of legal majority by court petition) or were given permission by their husband and guardian. Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013 s 270 It wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guild
A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. These rules reduced free competition, but sometimes maintained ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1864 In Law
Events January–March * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dreamer" is published in March. * January 16 – Denmark rejects an Austrian-Prussian ultimatum to repeal the Danish Constitution, which says that Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark. * January 21 – New Zealand Wars: The Tauranga campaign begins. * February – John Wisden publishes '' The Cricketer's Almanack for the year 1864'' in England; it will go on to become the major annual cricket reference publication. * February 1 – Danish-Prussian War (Second Schleswig War): 57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross the Eider River into Denmark. * February 15 – Heineken brewery founded in Netherlands. * February 17 – American Civil War: The tiny Confederate hand-propelled submarine ''H. L. Hunley' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1864 In Sweden
Events from the year 1864 in Sweden Incumbents * Monarch – Charles XV Events * The Skandinaviska Banken founded. * The newspaper ''Dagens Nyheter'' begins its publication. * June 18 – The Decree of Extended Freedom of Trade introduce complete freedom of trade in Sweden: unmarried women are granted the same rights within trade and commerce as men. * Husbands are forbidden to abuse their wives. * The gymnastics profession is open to women. * Queen Louise and Princess Louise take lessons in ice skating from the pioneer Nancy Edberg, making ice skating socially acceptable for females. * Bertha Valerius appointed official photographer of the royal court. * Women students are admitted as students at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts without having to apply for a dispensation. * Foundation of the '' Statens normalskola för flickor''. * The famous trip of the Sami Maria Magdalena Mathsdotter to Stockholm. Births * 20 January – Mathilda Malling, novelist (died 1942) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social History Of Sweden
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian '' Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl MarxMorrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'', human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women In Sweden
The status and rights of Women in Sweden has changed several times throughout the history of Sweden. These changes have been affected by the culture, religion and laws of Sweden, as well as social discourses like the strong feminist movement. History of women in Sweden Viking age During the Viking Age, women had a relatively free status in the Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, illustrated in the Icelandic Grágás and the Norwegian Frostating laws and Gulating laws.Borgström Eva : Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous women : gender benders in myth and reality) Alfabeta/Anamma, Stockholm 2002. (inb.). Libris 8707902. The paternal aunt, paternal niece and paternal granddaughter, referred to as ''odalkvinna'', all had the right to inherit property from a deceased man. In the absence of male relatives, an unmarried woman with no son could further more inherit the position as head of the family from a deceased father or brother: a w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
