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1617 In Science
The year 1617 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Johannes Kepler begins to publish his '' Epitome astronomiæ Copernicanæ'' setting out his theory of elliptic orbits. Mathematics * Napier's Bones, a multiplication device invented by John Napier (who dies on April 4), is described in his '' Rabdologiæ'', published in Edinburgh. * Henry Briggs publishes ''Logarithmorum Chilias Prima'', a modification of Napier's logarithms into common logarithms. Medicine * The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is granted a royal charter, separating it from the Grocers. Births * July 13 ''(bapt.)'' – Ralph Cudworth, Cambridge Platonist (died 1688). Deaths * January 29 – William Butler, Irish, Irish alchemist (at sea) (born c. 1534). * February 6 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist (born 1553). * February 11 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian astronomer (born 1555). * April 4 – John Napier of Merchiston, mathemat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 Common Era, BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the Universe, physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of History of science in classical antiquity, Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1688 In Science
The year 1688 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * The constellation '' Sceptrum Brandenburgicum'' is named by Gottfried Kirch. Exploration * A French Jesuit scientific mission led by Jean de Fontaney arrives in China. Mathematics * Simon de la Loubère introduces the Siamese method for constructing any size of ''n''-odd magic square to Western Europe. Technology * Earliest known mention of the balalaika. Births * January 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist and theologian (died 1772) * April 4 – Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, French astronomer (died 1768) * August 14 – Johann Leonhard Rost, German astronomer (died 1727) * September 26 – Willem 's Gravesande, Dutch polymath (died 1742) * November 15 – Louis Bertrand Castel, French Jesuit mathematician and physicist (died 1757) Deaths * January 28 – Ferdinand Verbiest, Flemish Jesuit astronomer in China (born 1623) * October 9 – Claude Per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Fabricius
David Fabricius (9 March 1564 – 7 May 1617) was a German pastor who made two major discoveries in the early days of telescopic astronomy, jointly with his eldest son, Johannes Fabricius (1587–1615). David Fabricius (Latinization of his proper name ''David Faber'', or ''David Goldschmidt''; possibly Hebrew) was born at Esens, studied at the University of Helmstedt starting in 1583 and served as pastor for small towns near his birthplace in Frisia (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands), at Resterhafe near Dornum in 1584 and at Osteel in 1603. As was common for Protestant ministers of the day, he dabbled in science: his particular interest was astronomy. Fabricius corresponded with astronomer Johannes Kepler. Scientific work Fabricius discovered the first known periodic variable star (as opposed to cataclysmic variables, such as novas and supernovas), Mira, in August 1596. At first he believed it to be "just" another nova, as the whole concept of a recurring variable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1550 In Science
Medicine * ''approx. date'' – Establishment of St Thomas's Hospital Medical School in London. Technology * Commencement of laying out of gardens at the Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Italy, for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este with sophisticated hydraulic features designed by Tommaso Chiruchi with Claude Venard. Publications * Gerolamo Cardano publishes his comprehensive survey of the natural sciences, ''De subtilitate'', in Nuremberg. * Giovanni Battista Ramusio begins publication of ''Navigationi et Viaggi'' ("Navigations and Travels"), a collection of explorers' first-hand accounts of their travels, the first work of its kind. Births * September 30 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1631) * John Napier, Scottish mathematician (died 1617) * Anselmus de Boodt, Flemish mineralogist and physician (died 1632) * Jacques Guillemeau, French surgeon (died 1613) * Ferrante Imperato, Neapolitan natural historian (died 1625) * ''approximate date'' ** Willem Barent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematician
A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, mathematical structure, structure, space, Mathematical model, models, and mathematics#Calculus and analysis, change. History One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem. The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagoreans, Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathemat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merchiston
Merchiston ( ) is a residential area around Merchiston Avenue in the south-west of Edinburgh, Scotland. Location Merchiston Avenue is 1.3 miles Southwest of the West End of Edinburgh's principal street, Princes Street. Other areas near Merchiston include Morningside to the southeast, Burghmuirhead (including Holy Corner and Church Hill) to the east and Bruntsfield to the northeast. History The first known reference to Merchiston is found in the 1266 Exchequer Rolls of Scotland. At this point Merchiston consisted of one of a number of independently owned estates to the southwest of the Burgh Muir. Alexander Napier, a wealthy Edinburgh merchant and provost of the city, acquired the estate from King James I in 1436. He or his son, also Alexander Napier, were responsible for the construction of Merchiston Tower (or Castle) in the mid 15th century. Merchiston Tower was later the home of John Napier, 8th Laird of Merchiston and the inventor of logarithms. The tower was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1555 In Science
The year 1555 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Biology * Pierre Belon publishes '' L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux'', a pioneering work in the comparative anatomy of birds. Exploration * Richard Eden publishes ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'', a translation into English of parts of Pietro Martire d'Anghiera's '' De orbe novo decades'', the Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés work ''Natural hystoria de las Indias'' and others. * Guillaume Le Testu's ''Cosmographie Universelle selon les navigateurs, tant anciens que modernes'' contains maps of Terra Australis. Mathematics * Petrus Ramus publishes ''Arithmétique''. * First German translation of Euclid's elements by Johann Scheubel. Births * June 13 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian astronomer (died 1617) * Andreas Libavius, German physician (died 1616) Deaths * January 14 – Jacques Dubois, French anatomist (born 1478) * May 25 – Gemm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Antonio Magini
Giovanni Antonio Magini (in Latin, Maginus) (13 June 1555 – 11 February 1617) was an Italian astronomer, astrologer, cartographer, and mathematician. His Life He was born in Padua, and completed studies in philosophy in Bologna in 1579. His father was Pasquale Magini, a citizen of Padua. Dedicating himself to astronomy, in 1582 he wrote '' Ephemerides coelestium motuum'', translated into Italian the following year. In 1588 he was chosen over Galileo Galilei to occupy the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna after the death of Egnatio Danti. He died in Bologna. His work Magini supported a geocentric system of the world, in preference to Copernicus's heliocentric system. Magini devised his own planetary theory, in preference to other existing ones. The Maginian System consisted of eleven rotating spheres, which he described in his ''Novæ cœlestium orbium theoricæ congruentes cum observationibus N. Copernici'' (Venice, 1589). In his ''De Planis Triangul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1553 In Science
The year 1553 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy * Leonard Digges publishes his popular English language ephemeris, ''A General Prognostication''. Cryptography * 'Vigenère cipher' first described by Giovan Battista Bellaso in his book ''La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso'' (Venice). Exploration * May 10 – Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor set out from the River Thames to seek the Northeast Passage. ** August 14 – Willoughby sights what is probably Novaya Zemlya. ** August – Chancellor enters the White Sea and reaches Arkhangelsk. * Naturalist Pierre Belon publishes ' (Paris). * Conquistador Pedro Cieza de León publishes the ' of his '. Physics * Venetian mathematician Giambattista Benedetti publishes ''Resolutio omnium Euclidis problematum'', proposing a new doctrine of the speed of bodies in free fall. Physiology and medicine * Michael Servetus publishes ''Christianismi Restitutio'', i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botanist
Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word (') meaning " pasture", "herbs" " grass", or "fodder"; is in turn derived from (), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes. Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, underlying diseases and their treatment—the '' science'' of medicine—and also a decent competence in its applied practice—the art or '' craft'' of medicine. Both the role of the physician and the meani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
