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1245
Year 1245 ( MCCXLV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Winter – Siege of JaĆ©n: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) besiege the Moorish-held city of JaĆ©n. During the siege Moorish knights sally out and manage to capture a Castilian supply caravan. Meanwhile, Ferdinand tries to launch attacks on the various city gates, but all are ineffective. * In witness of the toll taken by war and fiscal pressure in the Kingdom of Castile, the region of Segovia is described this year as depopulated and sterile. England * King Henry III starts the work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey, as a tribute to Edward the Confessor. Levant * April – Egyptian forces under As-Salih Ayyub besiege the city of Damascus. After six months, As-Salih Ismail, ruler of Damascus, surrenders to Ayyub in return for a vassal-principality, consisting of Baalbek and the Hauran. Ayyub is awarded the title of sultan by Cal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of JaĆ©n (1245ā1246)
The siege of JaĆ©n was the final siege on the city during the Spanish Reconquista. The siege, was carried out from 1245 through 28 February 1246 by forces of the Crown of Castile and the Order of Santiago commanded by Ferdinand III of Castile and the Grand Master of the Order of Santiago, Pelayo PĆ©rez Correa, against a combined defending force of the local Taifa of JaĆ©n (Ų¬ŁŲ§Ł) and the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I. The battle resulted in a Castilian victory with the city of JaĆ©n being handed over to the Crown of Castile and Leon after the signing of the Treaty of JaĆ©n. Context After two previous attempts to capture JaĆ©n, first in 1225 and another in 1230, Ferdinand III of Castile decided on another attempt to besiege the city having consolidated his power over the thrones of Castile and LeĆ³n and not having been decisively beaten in either of his previous attempts on the city. He was supported in this new campaign by Pelayo PĆ©rez Correa, the Grand Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Innocent IV
Pope Innocent IV (; ā 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. Fieschi was born in Genoa and studied at the universities of Parma and Bologna. He was considered in his own day and by posterity as a fine canonist. On the strength of this reputation, he was called to the Roman Curia by Pope Honorius III. Pope Gregory IX made him a cardinal and appointed him governor of the Ancona in 1235. Fieschi was elected pope in 1243 and took the name Innocent IV. He inherited an ongoing dispute over lands seized by the Holy Roman Emperor, and the following year he traveled to France to escape imperial plots against him in Rome. He returned to Rome in 1250 after the death of the Emperor Frederick II. On 15 May 1252 he promulgated the bull '' Ad extirpanda'' authorizing torture against heretics, equated with ordinary criminals. Early life Born in Genoa (although some sources say Mana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
As-Salih Ismail, Emir Of Damascus
Al-Malik al-Salih Imad al-Din Ismail bin Saif al-Din Ahmad better known as al-Salih Ismail () was the Ayyubid sultan based in Damascus. He reigned twice, once in 1237 and then again from 1239 to 1245. In 1237, al-Salih Ismail's brother,Abulafia and McKitterick, p.612. Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Damascus, al-Ashraf, the ruler of Damascus died. Ismail succeeded him and two months later, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, sent forces to besiege the city. Ismail had the suburbs of Damascus burned to prevent the Egyptian forces shelter. On al-Kamil's death his son al-Adil II occupied Damascus after his brother al-Salih Ayyub, the ruler of Al Jazira, Mesopotamia, al-Jazira, revealed his intentions to succeed al-Kamil as sultan in Egypt. Ayyub was invited to take over Damascus by some of the local governors of Syria and accomplished the conquest in December 1238. Initially, Ismail, who was already governor (emir) of Bosra and Emirate of Baalbek, Baalbek, allied himself with Ayyub. In Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas (bishop Of Finland)
Thomas (; died in 1248) was the third bishop of Finland, and is the first known one. Little is known of his activities. After admitting to having committed several crimes, he resigned in 1245. He died in Visby three years later. He is sometimes associated with an unnamed bishop who was sent letters from Pope Gregory IX in 1229. Biography The only reference to Bishop Thomas during his episcopate in Finland is a letter signed by him in Nousiainen in 1234, which granted certain lands around the parish to his chaplain Wilhelm. The lands may be related to the papal permission from Pope Gregory IX in early 1229 that authorized the church to take over all non-Christian places of worship in Finland. The letter is the oldest surviving letter written in Finland. No further information on the bishop's activities has survived before he was granted resignation by Pope Innocent IV on 21 February 1245. According to the pope, Thomas had admitted committing several felonies, such as tortur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is an Anglican church in the City of Westminster, London, England. Since 1066, it has been the location of the coronations of 40 English and British monarchs and a burial site for 18 English, Scottish, and British monarchs. At least 16 royal weddings have taken place at the abbey since 1100. Although the origins of the church are obscure, an abbey housing Benedictine monks was on the site by the mid-10th century. The church got its first large building from the 1040s, commissioned by King Edward the Confessor, who is buried inside. Construction of the present church began in 1245 on the orders of Henry III. The monastery was dissolved in 1559, and the church was made a royal peculiar ā a Church of England church, accountable directly to the sovereign ā by Elizabeth I. The abbey, the Palace of Westminster and St Margaret's Church became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 becaus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferdinand III Of Castile
Ferdinand III (; 1199/120130 May 1252), called the Saint (''el Santo''), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of LeĆ³n from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231. He was the son of Alfonso IX of LeĆ³n and Berengaria of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. Ferdinand III was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castile and LeĆ³n, but also masterminding the most expansive southward territorial expansion campaign yet in the Guadalquivir Valley, in which Islamic rule was in disarray in the wake of the defeat of the Almohad caliphate at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. His repeated and decisive victories against the Islamic Caliphate earned him the title Athleta Christi, meaning 'Champion of Christ', which was conferred upon him by Pope Gregory IX. By military and diplomatic efforts, Ferdinand greatly expanded the dominions of Castile by annexing the Guadalquivir, crown of Guadalquivir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen Of Bohemia
Stephen of Bohemia was a Franciscan friar and a member of the Papal mission to the Mongol Empire in 1245ā1247. Stephen set out from Lyon with John of Pian del Carpine on 16 April 1245. They travelled through Bohemia to the territory of Duke BolesÅaw II of Silesia, where they were joined by Benedict of Poland at WrocÅaw. A certain Ceslaus, also from Bohemia, is mentioned once in the '' Tartar Relation'', but this may be the same person as Stephen. Stephen fell ill not far beyond Kiev. As a consequence, he was left behind in Mongol-occupied Cumania, possibly as a hostage. Ill health prevented him from ever going further. He did not visit the court of Batu, khan of the Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of ..., or that of the Great Khan GĆ¼yĆ¼k. Stephen s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
As-Salih Ayyub
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (5 November 1205 ā 22 November 1249), nickname: Abu al-Futuh (), also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. Early life As-Salih was born in 1205, the son of Al-Kamil and a Nubian concubine. Her name was Ward Al-Muna and she was also the servant of Al-Kamil's other wife, Sawda bint Al-Faqih, the mother of Adil. In 1221, he became a hostage at the end of the Fifth Crusade, while John of Brienne became a hostage of as-Salih's father Al-Kamil, until Damietta was reconstructed and restored to Egypt. In 1232, he was given Hasankeyf in the Jazirah (now part of Turkey), which his father had captured from the Artuqids. In 1234 his father sent him to rule Damascus, removing him from the succession in Egypt after suspecting him of conspiring against him with the Mamluks. In 1238, al-Kamil died leaving as-Salih his designated heir in the Jazira, and his other son Al-Adil II as his heir in Egypt. In the dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry III Of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 ā 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death in 1272. The son of John, King of England, King John and Isabella of AngoulĆŖme, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala Bicchieri declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Battle of Lincoln (1217), Lincoln and Battle of Sandwich (1217), Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Magna Carta#Great Charter of 1225, Great Charter of 1225, a later version of the 1215 Magna Carta, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. Henry's early reign was dominated first by William Marshal, and after his death in 1219 by the magnate Hubert de Burgh. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the Angevin Empire, provinces of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JaƩn, Spain
JaĆ©n () is a Municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain and the capital of the JaĆ©n Province, Spain, province of JaĆ©n, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. The city of JaĆ©n is the administrative and industrial centre for the province. Industrial establishments in the city include chemical works, tanneries, distilleries, cookie factories, textile factories, as well as agricultural and olive oil processing machinery industry. The layout of JaĆ©n is determined by its position on the foothills of the Cerro de Santa Catalina, with steep, narrow streets, in the historic core. Its population is 112,757 (2020), about one-sixth of the population of the province. JaĆ©n had an increase in cultural tourism in the mid-2010s, having received 604,523 tourists in 2015, 10% more than in 2014. Etymology The name is most likely derived from the Roman name ''Villa Gaiena'' (Villa of Gaius). It was called JayyÄn during the time of Al-Andalus. The inhabitants of the city are known a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Da Pian Del Carpine
Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (or Carpini; anglicised as ''John of Plano Carpini''; ā 1 August 1252) was a medieval Italian diplomat, Catholic archbishop, explorer and one of the first Europeans to enter the court of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He was the author of the earliest important Western account of Northern and Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and other regions of the Mongol dominion. He served as the Primate of Serbia, based in Antivari, from 1247 to 1252. Life before the journey Giovanni appears to have been a native of Umbria, in central Italy. His surname was derived from Pian del Carpine (literally "Hornbeam Plain"), an area known later as Magione, between Perugia and Cortona. He was one of the companions and disciples of his near-contemporary and countryman Saint Francis of Assisi. Highly esteemed within the Franciscan order, Giovanni had a prominent role in the propagation of its teachings in northern Europe, holding in succession the offices of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
February 21
Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prussian Confederation is formed. 1601ā1900 * 1613 – Mikhail I is unanimously elected Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia. * 1797 – A force of 1,400 French soldiers invaded Britain at Fishguard in support of the Society of United Irishmen. They were defeated by 500 British reservists. * 1804 – The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in Wales. * 1808 – Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish War, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country (i.e. Finland) to Russia. * 1828 – Initial issue of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
