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1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound, one of three isomers of trichlorobenzene. It is a derivative of benzene with three chloride substituents. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent for a variety of compounds and materials. Production and uses Depending on the conditions and additives (e.g., sulfur), it can be the main product from the chlorination of benzene. It is virtually the exclusive product from the chlorination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is also the main product from the dehydrochlorination of hexachlorocyclohexane. It is useful as a high-temperature solvent, e.g. for GPC of polyolefines such as PE or PP which are otherwise insoluble. Aside from its use as a solvent, this compound is a useful precursor to dye and pesticides. Safety The LD50 (oral, rats) is 756 mg/kg. Animal studies have shown that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene affects the liver and kidney, and is possibly a teratogen. There is no regulated occupational exposure limit for chemical expo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound with the chemical formula . This is one of three isomers of trichlorobenzene; the two others are 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene and 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene. Synthesis 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene can be prepared via dehydrohalogenation of hexachlorocyclohexane. Also, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene is formed as a byproduct. Small amounts of 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene can also be produced while chlorinating benzene with iron(III) chloride as a catalyst. Physical properties The compound forms white crystals with a faint aromatic odor. It is combustible and poorly soluble in water. The substance is irritating to eyes and the respiratory tract. Uses 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene is used as a herbicide. Also as a solvent for high-melting products, as a coolant in electrical installations and glass tempering. See also *Chlorobenzenes Chlorobenzenes are a group of aryl chlorides/ halobenzenes consisting of one or more chlorine atoms as substituents on a benzene core ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichlorobenzene
Trichlorobenzene (TCB) may refer to any of three isomeric chlorinated derivatives of benzene Benzene is an Organic compound, organic chemical compound with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal Ring (chemistry), ring with one hyd ... with the molecular formula C6H3Cl3. They differ by the positions of the chlorine atoms around the ring: * 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene * 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene {{Chemistry index Chlorobenzenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorobenzenes
Chlorobenzenes are a group of aryl chlorides/ halobenzenes consisting of one or more chlorine atoms as substituents on a benzene core. They have the formula C6H6–''n''Cl''n'', where ''n'' = 1–6 is the number of chlorine atoms. Depending on the number of chlorine substituents, there may be several constitutional isomers possible. * Monochlorobenzene * Dichlorobenzene ** 1,2-Dichlorobenzene ** 1,3-Dichlorobenzene ** 1,4-Dichlorobenzene * Trichlorobenzene ** 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene ** 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene ** 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene * Tetrachlorobenzene ** 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene ** 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene ** 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene * Pentachlorobenzene * Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is an aryl chloride and a six-substituted chlorobenzene with the molecular formula C6Cl6. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt. Its u ... See also * Fluorobenzenes * Bromobenzen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organochlorine Compound
Organochlorine chemistry is concerned with the properties of organochlorine compounds, or organochlorides, organic compounds that contain one or more carbon–chlorine bonds. The chloroalkane class (alkanes with one or more hydrogens substituted by chlorine) includes common examples. The wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties of organochlorides lead to a broad range of names, applications, and properties. Organochlorine compounds have wide use in many applications, though some are of profound environmental concern, with TCDD being one of the most notorious. Organochlorides such as trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane and chloroform are commonly used as solvents and are referred to as "chlorinated solvents". Physical and chemical properties Chlorination modifies the physical properties of hydrocarbons in several ways. These compounds are typically denser than water due to the higher atomic weight of chlorine versus hydrogen. They have highe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzene
Benzene is an Organic compound, organic chemical compound with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal Ring (chemistry), ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless and highly Combustibility and flammability, flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. It is used primarily as a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structures, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although benzene is a major Chemical industry, industrial che ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloride
The term chloride refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine anion (), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond (). The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is . Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often soluble in water.Green, John, and Sadru Damji. "Chapter 3." ''Chemistry''. Camberwell, Vic.: IBID, 2001. Print. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells. Other examples of ionic chlorides include potassium chloride (), calcium chloride (), and ammonium chloride (). Examples of covalent chlorides include methyl chloride (), carbon tetrachloride (), sulfuryl chloride (), and monochloramine (). Electronic properties A chloride ion (diameter 167 pm) is much larger than a chlorine atom (diameter 99 pm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfur
Sulfur ( American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphur ( Commonwealth spelling) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China, and ancient Egypt. Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone, which means "burning stone". Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum.. Downloahere Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorination Reaction
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging. This article mainly deals with halogenation using elemental halogens (). Halides are also commonly introduced using salts of the halides and halogen acids. Many specialized reagents exist for introducing halogens into diverse substrates, e.g. thionyl chloride. Organic chemistry Several pathways exist for the halogenation of organic compounds, including free radical halogenation, ketone halogenation, electrophilic halogenation, and halogen addition reaction. The nature of the substrate determines the pathway. The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen. Fluorine and chlorine are more electrophilic and are more aggressive halogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB, ''p''-DCB, or ''para''-dichlorobenzene, sometimes abbreviated as PDCB or para) is an aryl chloride and isomer of dichlorobenzene with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colorless solid has a strong odor. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with two chlorine atoms (replacing hydrogen atoms) on opposing sites of the ring. It is used as a disinfectant, pesticide, and deodorant, most familiarly in mothballs in which it is a replacement for the more traditional naphthalene because of naphthalene's greater flammability (though both chemicals have the same NFPA 704 rating). It is also used as a precursor in the production of the chemically and thermally resistant polymer poly(''p''-phenylene sulfide). Production ''p''-DCB is produced by chlorination of benzene using ferric chloride as a catalyst: :C6H6 + 2 Cl2 → C6H4Cl2 + 2 HCl The chief impurity is the 1,2 isomer. The compound can be purified by fractional crystallization, taking advantage of its re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dehydrochlorination
In chemistry, dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate. The reaction is usually associated with the synthesis of alkenes, but it has wider applications. Dehydrohalogenation from alkyl halides Traditionally, alkyl halides are substrates for dehydrohalogenations. The alkyl halide must be able to form an alkene, thus halides having no C–H bond on an adjacent carbon are not suitable substrates. Aryl halides are also unsuitable. Upon treatment with strong base, chlorobenzene dehydrohalogenates to give phenol via a benzyne intermediate. Base-promoted reactions to alkenes When treated with a strong base many alkyl chlorides convert to corresponding alkene. It is also called a β-elimination reaction and is a type of elimination reaction. Some prototypes are shown below: :\begin \ce\ &\ce \\ \ce\ &\ce \\ \ce\ &\ce \end Here ethyl chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide, typically in a solvent such as ethanol, giving ethylene. Lik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), , is any of several polyhalogenated organic compounds consisting of a six-carbon ring with one chlorine and one hydrogen attached to each carbon. This structure has nine stereoisomers (eight diastereomers, one of which has two enantiomers), which differ by the stereochemistry of the individual chlorine substituents on the cyclohexane. It is sometimes erroneously called " benzene hexachloride" (BHC). They have been used as models for analyzing the effects of different geometric positions of the large atoms with dipolar bonds on the stability of the cyclohexane conformation. The isomers are poisonous, pesticidal, and persistent organic pollutants, to varying degrees. Hexachlorocyclohexane was dimerized to produce mirex, a banned pesticide. Common forms are: * ''alpha''-hexachlorocyclohexane, α-HCH, or α-BHC ( CAS RN: ), the optically active isomer * ''beta''-hexachlorocyclohexane, β-HCH, or β-BHC (CAS RN: ) * ''gamma''-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
