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Emperor Xiaozong of Song (27 November 1127 โ 28 June 1194), personal name Zhao Shen, courtesy name Yuanyong, was the 11th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the second emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He started his reign in 1162 when his adoptive father and predecessor, Emperor Gaozong, abdicated and passed the throne to him. Even though Emperor Gaozong became a ''Taishang Huang'' ("Retired Emperor") after his abdication, he remained the ''de facto'' ruler, so Emperor Xiaozong only took full power in 1187 after Emperor Gaozong's death. After ruling for about a year, Emperor Xiaozong followed in his predecessor's footsteps and abdicated in favour of his third son Zhao Dun (Emperor Guangzong), while he became ''Taishang Huang'' and still remained in power until his death in 1194. He was the first descendant of Emperor Taizu to become emperor and remembered as an effective ruler as the Song enjoyed prosperity during his reign. Names Zhao Shen's birth name w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hanging Scroll
A hanging scroll is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and calligraphy. They are different from handscrolls, which are narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table. Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time, after which they are rolled up and tied for storage. They are traditionally rotated according to season or occasion, rather than be on permanent display. Their artwork could be mounted with decorative brocade silk borders. The craft of creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself. History Scrolls originated in their earliest form from texts written on Bamboo and wooden slips, bamboo strips and silk banners across ancient China. The earliest hanging scrolls are related to and developed from silk banners in early Chinese history. These banners were long and hung vertically on walls. Such silk banners and hanging scroll paintings were found at Mawangdui dating back to the Han dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courtesy Name
A courtesy name ( zh, s=ๅญ, p=zรฌ, l=character), also known as a style name, is an additional name bestowed upon individuals at adulthood, complementing their given name. This tradition is prevalent in the East Asian cultural sphere, particularly in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. Courtesy names are a marker of adulthood and were historically given to men at the age of 20, and sometimes to women upon marriage. Unlike art names, which are more akin to pseudonyms or pen names, courtesy names served a formal and respectful purpose. In traditional Chinese society, using someone's given name in adulthood was considered disrespectful among peers, making courtesy names essential for formal communication and writing. Courtesy names often reflect the meaning of the given name or use homophonic characters, and were typically disyllabic after the Qin dynasty. The practice also extended to other East Asian cultures, and was sometimes adopted by Mongols and Manchu people, Manchus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huizi (currency)
The Huizi (), issued in the year 1160, was the official paper money of the Chinese Southern Song dynasty. It has the highest amount of issuance among various government note types during the Song dynasty. Huizi notes came on three-colour printed paper and their usage was heavily promoted by the government of the Southern Song dynasty, the Huizi were backed by 280,000 '' guร n'' of copper cash coins. History The Huizi was originally introduced in the region of Liangzhe (ๅ ฉๆต) around what is present-day Zhejiang, and after 1160 Huizi notes were issued by the Ministry of Revenue (ๆถ้จ) and their circulation was overseen by the Paper Notes Office (ๆๅญๅ). The earliest mentions of Huizi notes can be traced back to Shaanxi in 1075. In Hangzhou and the areas around it ''bianqian huizi'' (ไพฟ้ขๆๅญ) or "comfortable money" had become a common form of exchange during the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty. Besides the Jiaozi, Qianyin, and Guanzi the Huizi had become th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menxia Sheng
The Menxia Sheng (), sometimes translated as the Chancellery, was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure of imperial China. It advised the emperor and the ''Zhongshu Sheng'' (Central Secretariat), and reviewed edicts and commands. As the least important of the three departments, it existed in name only by the Song dynasty while its functions were delegated to the other two departments. In 1129, the Chancellery was merged with the Central Secretariat. Origin The Chancellery was originally the Court of Attendants in the Han dynasty (206 BC โ 9 AD), which oversaw all palace attendants. It was not until the Cao Wei and Jin dynasty (266โ420) era that the institution of Chancellery was formalized. The Chancellery was led by a Director (''menxia shizhong'' ้ไธไพไธญ), with assistance from a gentleman attendant at the palace gate (''Huangmen shilang'' ้ป้ไพ้ or ''jishi Huangmen shilang'' ็ตฆไบ้ป้ไพ้), later called Vice D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhongshu Sheng
The Zhongshu Sheng (), also known as the Palace Secretariat or Central Secretariat, was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure in imperial China from the Cao Wei (220โ266) until the early Ming dynasty. As one of the Three Departments, the Zhongshu Sheng was primarily a policy-formulating agency responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees, but its actual function varied at different times. The department traces its origins back to the Han dynasty. History Origins: Han dynasty and Cao Wei The Central Secretariat originated during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BC) to handle documents. The chief steward for writing (''shangshu'' ๅฐๆธ), aided by eunuch secretary-receptionists (''zhongshu yezhe'' ไธญๆธ่ฌ่ )), forwarded documents to the inner palace. This organization was headed by a Secretariat Director (''zhongshu ling'' ไธญๆธไปค) assisted by a Vice Director (''zhongshu puye'' ไธญๆธไปๅฐ). Thes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qin Hui
Qin Hui or Qin Kuai (January 17, 1091 โ November 18, 1155) was a Chinese politician. He was a Chancellor of China, Chancellor of the Song dynasty in Chinese history. He was a contemporary of Yue Fei during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Song. Modern historians have blamed Qin Hui for being a Hanjian, traitor for his part in the persecution and execution of his political enemy, Yue Fei, a general who fought for the Song against the Jin dynasty, 1115โ1234, Jin dynasty during the JinโSong Wars. He was also nicknamed "Long-legged Qin" ( zh, ็งฆ้ท่ ฟ). Life Born in Jiangning (present days Nanjing, Jiangsu), Qin won Jinshi (imperial examination), Jinshi in the Imperial examination of 1115. During the Northern Song dynasty, Qin was an activist against the invasion by the Jin dynasty in the JinโSong Wars. He was captured along with Emperor Qinzong of Song, Emperor Qinzong and Emperor Huizong of Song, Emperor Huizong in the Jingkang Incident. Some years later, he suddenly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yue Fei
Yue Fei (; March 24, 1103 โ January 28, 1142), courtesy name Pengju (), was a Chinese military general of the Song dynasty and is remembered as a patriotic folk hero, national hero, known for leading its forces in JinโSong Wars, the wars in the 12th century between Southern Song and the Jurchen people, Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115โ1234), Jin dynasty in northern China. Because of his warlike stance, he was put to death by the Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127โ1279, Southern Song government in 1142 under a frameup, after a negotiated peace was achieved with the Jin dynasty. Yue Fei is depicted in the ''Wu Shuang Pu'' by Jin Guliang. Yue Fei's Ancestral home (China), ancestral home was in Xiaoti, Yonghe Village, Tangyin, Xiangzhou, Henan (in present-day Tangyin County, Anyang, Henan). He was granted the posthumous name Wumu () by Emperor Xiaozong of Song, Emperor Xiaozong in 1169, and later granted the noble title King of E () posthumously by the Emperor Ningzong of Song ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jin Dynasty (1115โ1234)
The Jin dynasty (, ), officially known as the Great Jin (), was a Jurchen people, Jurchen-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and empire ruled by the Wanyan clan that existed between 1115 and 1234. It is also often called the Jurchen dynasty or the Jurchen Jin after the ruling Jurchen people. At its peak, the empire extended from Outer Manchuria in the north to the QinlingโHuaihe Line in the south. The Jin dynasty emerged from Emperor Taizu of Jin, Wanyan Aguda's rebellion against the Liao dynasty (916โ1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by the nascent Jin to the Western Regions, where they would become known in Chinese historiography as the Qara Khitai, Western Liao. After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a JinโSong Wars, century-long campaign against the Song dynasty (960โ1279) based in southern China, whose rulers were ethnically Han Chinese. Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors Sinicization, adap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jurchen People
Jurchen (, ; , ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian people, East Asian Tungusic languages, Tungusic-speaking people. They lived in northeastern China, also known as Manchuria, before the 18th century. The Jurchens were renamed Manchu people, Manchus in 1635 by Hong Taiji. Different Jurchen groups lived as hunter-gatherers, pastoralist semi-nomads, or sedentary agriculturists. Generally lacking a central authority, and having little communication with each other, many Jurchen groups fell under the influence of neighbouring dynasties, their chiefs paying tribute and holding nominal posts as effectively hereditary commanders of border guards. Han Chinese, Han officials of the Ming dynasty (1368โ1644) classified them into three groups, reflecting relative proximity to the Ming: #Jianzhou Jurchens, Jianzhou (Chinese: ๅปบๅท) Jurchens, some of whom were mixed with Chinese populations, lived in the proximity of the Mudan River, Mudan river, the Changbai Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emperor Qinzong
Emperor Qinzong of Song (23 May 1100 โ 14 June 1161), personal name Zhao Huan, was the ninth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the last emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. Emperor Qinzong was the eldest son and heir apparent of Emperor Huizong. His mother was Emperor Huizong's empress consort, Empress Wang. In 1126, when the forces of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Northern Song dynasty beginning the first siege of Bianjing. Frightened, Emperor Huizong intended to flee but was convinced by his officials to abdicate first and then flee. Huizong then abdicated and passed on his throne to Emperor Qinzong, and then assumed the title '' Taishang Huang'' ("Retired Emperor") himself and fled to the countryside. After the fall of Kaifeng that marked the end of the Northern Song and Qinzong and his father's subsequent capture by the Jin forces, they, along and his half-brother and their successor, Emperor Gaozong, were blamed for the Song dynasty's decline. Rei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emperor Huizong Of Song
Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 โ 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the penultimate emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. He was also a very well-known painter, poet and calligrapher. Born as the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, he ascended the throne in 1100 upon the death of his elder brother and predecessor, Emperor Zhezong, because Emperor Zhezong's only son died prematurely. He lived in luxury, sophistication and art in the first half of his life. In 1126, when the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Song dynasty during the JinโSong Wars, Emperor Huizong abdicated and passed on his throne to his eldest son, Zhao Huan while Huizong assumed the honorary title of '' Taishang Huang'' (or "Retired Emperor"). The following year, the Song capital, Bianjing, was conquered by Jin forces in an event historically known as the Jingkang Incident. Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong and the rest of their family we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jingkang Incident
The Jingkang Incident (), also known as the Humiliation of Jingkang () and the Disorders of the Jingkang Period (), was an episode of invasions and atrocities that took place in 1127 during the JinโSong Wars when the troops of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty besieged and sacked the imperial palaces in Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), the capital of the Han-led Northern Song dynasty. The Jin forces captured the Northern Song ruler, Emperor Qinzong, along with his father, the retired Emperor Huizong, and many members of the imperial family of Emperor Taizong's bloodline and officials of the Song imperial court. The ordinary Song civilians of Bianjing living in the non-imperial quarter were left alone after being forced to pay huge ransoms to the Jin. This event marked the collapse of the Northern Song dynasty that originally controlled most of China proper. Many members of the Song imperial family, most notably Zhao Gou (later Emperor Gaozong), managed to escape to southern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
