Ḥiyal
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Ḥiyal
''Ḥiyal'' (, singular ''ḥīla'' "contortion, contrivance; device, subterfuge") is "legalistic trickery" in Islamic jurisprudence. The main purpose of ''ḥiyal'' is to avoid straightforward observance of Islamic law in difficult situations while still obeying the letter of the law. An example of ''hiyal'' is the practice of "dual purchase" (') to avoid the prohibition of usury by making two contracts of purchase and re-purchase (at a higher price), similar to the modern futures contract. A special sub-field of ''ḥiyal'' is "oath-trickery" () dedicated to the formulation of ambiguous statements designed to be interpreted as an oath or promise while leaving open loopholes to avoid perjury. Views on its admissibility in Islam have varied by schools of Islamic jurisprudence ('' Madhhab''), by time period, and by type of ''ḥiyal''. A substantial literature on such tricks has developed in the Hanafi school of jurisprudence in particular. In history and Madhhab The earliest d ...
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Book Of Ingenious Devices
The ''Book of Ingenious Devices'' (, ) is a large illustrated work on mechanical devices, including automata, published in 850 by the three brothers of Persian descent, the Banū Mūsā brothers (Ahmad, Muhammad and Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir) working at the House of Wisdom (''Bayt al-Hikma'') in Baghdad, Iraq, under the Abbasid Caliphate. The book described about one hundred devices and how to use them. Overview The book was commissioned by the Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Ma'mun (786–833), who instructed the Banū Mūsā brothers to acquire all of the Hellenistic texts that had been preserved by monasteries and by scholars during the decline and fall of Roman civilization. The Banū Mūsā brothers invented a number of automata (automatic machines) and mechanical devices, and they described a hundred such devices in their ''Book of Ingenious Devices''. Some of the devices described in the ''Book of Ingenious Devices'' were inspired by the works of Hero of Alexandria a ...
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