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ᚷ
Gyfu is the name for the ''g''-rune in the Anglo-Saxon rune poem, meaning 'gift' or 'generosity': The corresponding letter of the Gothic alphabet is 𐌲 ''g'', called ''giba''. The same rune also appears in the Elder Futhark, with a suggested Proto-Germanic name *gebô 'gift'. J. H. Looijenga speculates that the rune is directly derived from Latin Χ, the pronunciation of which may have been similar to Germanic ''g'' in the 1st century, e.g., Gothic ''*reihs'' compared to Latin ''rex'' (as opposed to the Etruscan alphabet, where /𐌗 had a value of ). The ''gyfu'' rune is sometimes used as a symbol within modern mysticism, particularly amongst those interested in Celtic mythology. It's described, for example, in the book ''The Runic Tarot'' as a representation of the giving-receiving balance in friendships.The Runic Tarot. Gebo has no murkstave. By Caroline Smith, John Astrop. Page 24. Macmillan, Feb 1, 2005. 9780312321925 Anglo-Saxon ''gār'' rune In addition to ''gyfu'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Futhorc
Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune"). Today, the characters are known collectively as the futhorc (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ, ''fuþorc'') from the sound values of the first six runes. The futhorc was a development from the older co-Germanic 24-character runic alphabet, known today as Elder Futhark, expanding to 28 characters in its older form and up to 34 characters in its younger form. In contemporary Scandinavia, the Elder Futhark developed into a shorter 16-character alphabet, today simply called Younger Futhark. Use of the Anglo-Frisian runes is likely to have started in the 5th century onward and they continued to see use into the High Middle Ages. They were later accompanied and eventually overtaken by the Old English Latin alphabet introduced to Anglo-Sax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elder Futhark
The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark, ), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period. Inscriptions are found on artifacts including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, and weapons, as well as runestones, from the 2nd to the 8th centuries. In Scandinavia, beginning in the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, while the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians instead extended it, giving rise to the Anglo-Saxon runes, Anglo-Saxon futhorc. Both the Anglo-Saxon futhorc and the Younger Futhark remained in use during the Early Middle Ages, Early and the High Middle Ages respectively, but knowledge of how to read the Elder Futhark was forgotten until 1865, when it was deciphered by Norwegian scholar Sophus Bugge. Description The Elder Futhark is named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: /f/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runic Letter Gar
Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets, known as runic rows, runic alphabets or futharks (also, see ''futhark'' vs ''runic alphabet''), native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were primarily used to represent a sound value (a phoneme) but they were also used to represent the concepts after which they are named (ideographic runes). Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology. The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from at latest AD 150, with a possible earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and Tacitus's possible description of rune use from around AD 98. The Svingerud Runestone dates from between AD 1 and 250. Runes were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rune
Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets, known as runic rows, runic alphabets or futharks (also, see '' futhark'' vs ''runic alphabet''), native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were primarily used to represent a sound value (a phoneme) but they were also used to represent the concepts after which they are named ( ideographic runes). Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology. The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from at latest AD 150, with a possible earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and Tacitus's possible description of rune use from around AD 98. The Svingerud Runestone dates from between AD 1 and 250. Runes were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runic Letter Gebo
Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets, known as runic rows, runic alphabets or futharks (also, see ''futhark'' vs ''runic alphabet''), native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were primarily used to represent a sound value (a phoneme) but they were also used to represent the concepts after which they are named (ideographic runes). Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology. The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from at latest AD 150, with a possible earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and Tacitus's possible description of rune use from around AD 98. The Svingerud Runestone dates from between AD 1 and 250. Runes were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Migration Period Spear
The spear or lance, together with the bow (weapon), bow, the Migration Period sword, sword, the seax and the shield, was the main equipment of the Germanic peoples, Germanic Ancient warfare#Germanic, warriors during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages. Terminology The pre-migration term reported by Tacitus is ''framea'', who identifies it as ''Hasta (spear), hasta''; the native term for 'javelin, spear' was Old High German ''gêr'', Old English ''gâr'', Old Norse ''geirr'', from Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaizaz, ''*gaizaz''. The names Genseric, Radagaisus indicate Gothic language, Gothic *''gais''. Latin ''gaesum'', ''gaesus'', Greek was the term for the lance of the Gauls. The Avestan language has ''gaêçu'' 'lance bearer' as a likely cognate. The Celtic word is found e.g. in the name of the Gaesatae. Old Irish has ''gae'' 'spear'. Proto-Germanic ''*gaizaz'' would derive from Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friendship
Friendship is a Interpersonal relationship, relationship of mutual affection between people. It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an "acquaintance" or an "association", such as a classmate, neighbor, coworker, or colleague. Although there are many forms of friendship, certain features are common to many such bonds, such as choosing to be with one another, enjoying time spent together, and being able to engage in a positive and supportive role to one another. Sometimes friends are distinguished from family, as in the saying "friends and family", and sometimes from Sexual partner, lovers (e.g., "lovers and friends"), although the line is blurred with Friends with benefits relationships, friends with benefits. Similarly, being in the ''friend zone'' describes someone who is restricted from rising from the status of friend to that of lover (see also unrequited love). Friendship has been studied in academic fields, such as Communication studies, communication, sociology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armanen Runes
Armanen runes (or ''Armanen Futharkh'') are 18 pseudo-runes, inspired by the historic Younger Futhark runes, invented by Austrian mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List during a state of temporary blindness in 1902, and described in his ''Das Geheimnis der Runen'' ("The Secret of the Runes"), published as a periodical article in 1906, and as a standalone publication in 1908. The name seeks to associate the runes with the postulated Armanen, whom von List saw as ancient Aryan priest-kings. The runes continue in use today in esotericism and in Germanic neopaganism. Publication Von List claimed the pseudo-runes were revealed to him while in an 11-month state of temporary blindness after a cataract operation on both eyes in 1902. This vision in 1902 allegedly opened what List referred to as his "inner eye", via which the "Secret of the Runes" was revealed to him. List stated that his Armanen Futharkh were encrypted in the ''Rúnatal'' of the Poetic Edda (stanzas 138 to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Manuscripts In The Cotton Library
This is an incomplete list of some of the manuscripts from the Cotton library that today form the Cotton collection of the British Library. Some manuscripts were destroyed or damaged in a fire at Ashburnham House in 1731, and a few are kept in other libraries and collections. Robert Bruce Cotton organized his library in a room long by six feet wide filled with bookpresses, each with the bust of a figure from classical antiquity on top. Counterclockwise, these were Julius Caesar, Augustus, Cleopatra, Faustina, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. (Domitian had only one shelf, perhaps because it was over the door). In each press, each shelf was assigned a letter; manuscripts were identified by the bust over the press, the shelf letter, and the position of the manuscript (in Roman numerals) counting from the left side of the shelf. Thus, the Lindisfarne Gospels, Nero B.iv, was the fourth manuscript from the left on the second ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yogh
The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( ; Scots: ; Middle English: ) is a Latin script letter that was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing ''y'' () and various velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular form of the letter ''g'', Ᵹᵹ. In Middle English writing, tailed z came to be indistinguishable from yogh. In Middle Scots, the character yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts.. Consequently, some Modern Scots words have a ''z'' in place of a yogh—the common surname Menzies was originally written Menȝies (pronounced ''mingis''). Yogh is shaped similarly to the Cyrillic letter З and the Arabic numeral 3, which are sometimes substituted for the character in online reference works. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. Capital is represented in Unicode by code point , and lower case by c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ear (rune)
The ''Ear'' rune of the Anglo-Saxon futhorc is a late addition to the alphabet. It is, however, still attested from epigraphical evidence, notably the Thames scramasax, and its introduction thus cannot postdate the 9th century. Transliteration It is transliterated as ''ea'', and the Anglo-Saxon rune poem glosses it as :' :" 'ear''is horrible to every knight, / when the corpse quickly begins to cool / and is laid in the bosom of the dark earth. / Prosperity declines, happiness passes away / and covenants are broken." Jacob Grimm's interpretation Jacob Grimm in his 1835 ''Teutonic Mythology'' ch. 9 attached a deeper significance to the name. He interprets the Old English poem as describing "death personified", connected to the death-bringing god of war, Ares. He notes that the ''ear'' rune is simply a Tyr rune with two barbs attached to it and suggests that ''Tir'' and ''Ear'', Old High German ''Zio'' and ''Eor'', were two names of the same god. He finds the name i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jēran
Jera (also Jeran, Jeraz, Yera) is the conventional name of the ''j''-rune of the Elder Futhark, from a reconstructed Common Germanic stem (linguistics), stem 'Cf. Page (2005:15). The word may have been either neuter or masculine in Common Germanic. meaning "harvest, (good) year". The corresponding letter of the Gothic alphabet is Gothic , named '':wikt:𐌾𐌴𐍂, 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr)'', also expressing /j/. The Elder Futhark rune gives rise to the Anglo-Frisian runes, Anglo-Frisian , named ''gēr'' , and , named ''ior'', and to the Younger Futhark ''ár'' rune , which stands for , as the phoneme disappears in late Proto-Norse. Note that also can be a variation of Medieval runes, dotted Isaz used for ; e.g. in Dalecarlian runes. Name The reconstructed Common Germanic name ' is the origin of English wikt:year, year (Old English ''wikt:gear#Old English, ġēar''). In contrast to the modern word, it had a meaning of "season" and specifically "harvest", and hence "plenty, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
