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γ-Lactam
2-Pyrrolidone, also known as 2-pyrrolidinone or butyrolactam, is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam, making it the simplest γ-lactam. It is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and most common organic solvents. 2-Pyrrolidone itself and it various derivatives, especially N-methylpyrrolidone, have a variety of industrial uses. Production 2-Pyrrolidone is produced industrially almost exclusively by treating aqueous gamma-butyrolactone with ammonia at a temperature of 250–290 °C and pressures ranging from 0.4–1.4 MPa over solid magnesium silicate catalysts. : The reaction is carried out in a tubular reactor which is packed with the solid catalyst. The latter is arranged as a fixed bed and the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase. Product yields of 75–85% are reached. After subsequent distillation and purification, the desired 2-pyrrolidone is obtained with a purity of 99.5%. Alternative routes include the catalytic or electrochemical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactam
A lactam is a Cyclic compound, cyclic amide, formally derived from an amino alkanoic acid through cyclization reactions. The term is a portmanteau of the words ''lactone'' + ''amide''. Nomenclature Greek_alphabet#Letters, Greek prefixes in alphabetical order indicate ring size. This ring-size nomenclature stems from the fact that hydrolysis of an α-lactam gives an α-amino acid and that of a β-Lactam gives a β-amino acid, and so on. Synthesis General synthetic methods are used for the organic synthesis of lactams. Beckmann rearrangement Lactams form by the Acid catalysis, acid-catalyzed Rearrangement reaction, rearrangement of oximes in the Beckmann rearrangement. Schmidt reaction Lactams form from cyclic ketones and hydrazoic acid in the Schmidt reaction. Cyclohexanone with hydrazoic acid, forms Caprolactam, ε - Caprolactum, which upon treatment with excess acid forms Pentylenetetrazol, Cardiazole, a heart stimulant. Cyclization of amino acids Lactams can be formed fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merck Index
''The Merck Index'' is an encyclopedia of chemical substance, chemicals, pharmaceutical drug, drugs and biomolecule, biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related chemical compound, compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry. History The first edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Merck Group, Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations and made it a separate American "Merck" company that continued to publish the Merck Index. In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an append ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Succinonitrile
Succinonitrile, also butanedinitrile, is a nitrile, with the formula of C2H4(CN)2. It is a colorless waxy solid which melts at 58 °C. Succinonitrile is produced by the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acrylonitrile (hydrocyanation): :CH2=CHCN + HCN → NCCH2CH2CN Hydrogenation of succinonitrile yields putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane). Applications Succinonitrile may find applications as the "solvent" (while still in its waxy state) in lithium batteries. See also * Malononitrile - A di-nitrile with 3 carbon atoms * Glutaronitrile - A di-nitrile with 5 carbon atoms * Adiponitrile Adiponitrile is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH2)4(CN)2. This viscous, colourless dinitrile is an important precursor to the polymer nylon 66. In 2005, about one million tonnes of adiponitrile were produced.M. T. Musser, "Adipi ... - A di-nitrile with 6 carbon atoms References External links WebBook page for C4H4N2 Alkanedinitriles {{Organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vinylpyrrolidone
''N''-Vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam ring linked to a (2 carbon) vinyl group. It is a colorless liquid although commercial samples can appear yellowish. It is produced industrially by vinylation of 2-Pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, i.e. the base-catalyzed reaction with acetylene. It is the precursor to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), an important synthetic material. The NVP monomer is commonly used as a reactive diluent in ultraviolet and electron-Charged particle beam, beam curable polymers applied as inks, coatings or adhesives. Synthesis Starting from Gamma-Butyrolactone, γ-Butyrolactone, 2-pyrrolidone is synthesized by treatment with ammonia. Subsequently, acetylene is used to introduce the vinyl group. See also * Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) * 2-Pyrrolidone (2-Py) References External links N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone {{DEFAULTSORT:Vinylpyrrolidone, N- Amide solvents Pyrrolidones Vinyl compounds Monomers Reactive diluents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called povidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer ''N''-vinylpyrrolidone. PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties. Uses Medical There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications. PVP is a frequently used binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations. Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration. PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties. This complex is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others. It is used in pleurodesis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racetam
Racetams, also sometimes known simply as pyrrolidones, are a class of drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus. Many, but not all, specifically have a 2- oxo-1- pyrrolidine acetamide (piracetam) nucleus. Some racetams, such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, and phenylpiracetam, are considered nootropics. Phenylpiracetam is also a stimulant. Others, such as levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam, are anticonvulsants. Mechanism There is no universally accepted mechanism of action for racetams. Racetams generally show negligible affinity for common central nervous system receptors, but modulation of central neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and glutamate, has been reported. Although aniracetam and nebracetam show some affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, only nefiracetam demonstrates nanomolar interactions with neurotransmitter receptors. Modification of membrane-located mechanisms of central signal transduction is another hypothesis. Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethosuximide
Ethosuximide, sold under the brand name Zarontin among others, is a medication used to treat absence seizures. It may be used by itself or with other antiseizure medications such as valproic acid. Ethosuximide is taken by mouth. Ethosuximide is usually well tolerated. Common side effects include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and feeling tired. Serious side effects include suicidal thoughts, low blood cell levels, and lupus erythematosus. It is unclear if it has adverse effects on the fetus during pregnancy. Ethosuximide is in the succinimide family of medications. Its mechanism of action is thought to be due to antagonism of the postsynaptic T-type voltage-gated calcium channel. Ethosuximide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1960. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Ethosuximide is available as a generic medication. , its availability was limited in many countries, with concerns about price fixing in the Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doxapram
Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant, or analeptic. Administered intravenously, doxapram stimulates an increase in tidal volume, and respiratory rate. Medical uses Doxapram is used in intensive care settings to stimulate the respiratory rate in patients with respiratory failure. It may be useful for treating respiratory depression in patients who have taken excessive doses of drugs such as opioids which may fail to respond adequately to treatment with naloxone. It is equally as effective as pethidine in suppressing shivering after surgery. Doxapram has been used as a reversal agent after general anesthesia in captive sharks and rays, but it must be used with caution, as the animals can become excitatory as a side effect. Side effects Side effects of doxapram include high blood pressure, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, tremor, sweating, and vomiting. Convulsions have been reported. Its use is relatively contraindicated in people with coronary artery disease, epilepsy, and high blood ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotinine
Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also the predominant metabolite of nicotine, typically used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke. Cotinine is currently being studied as a treatment for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Cotinine was developed as an antidepressant as a fumaric acid salt, cotinine fumarate, to be sold under the brand name ''Scotine'', but it was never marketed. Similarly to nicotine, cotinine binds to, activates, and desensitizes neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, though at much lower potency in comparison. It has demonstrated nootropic and antipsychotic-like effects in animal models. Cotinine treatment has also been shown to reduce depression, anxiety, and fear-related behavior as well as memory impairment in animal models of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, treatment with cotinine in humans was reported to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derivative (chemistry)
In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction. In the past, derivative also meant a compound that ''can be imagined to'' arise from another compound, if one atom or group of atoms is replaced with another atom or group of atoms, but modern chemical language now uses the term structural analog for this meaning, thus eliminating ambiguity. The term "structural analogue" is common in organic chemistry. In biochemistry, the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from the precursor compound. Chemical derivatives may be used to facilitate analysis. For example, melting point (MP) analysis can assist in identification of many organic compounds. A crystalline derivative may be prepared, such as a semicarbazone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (derived from aldehydes or ketones), as a simple way of verifying the identity of the original compound, assuming that a table of derivative MP values is avai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hewlett-Packard
The Hewlett-Packard Company, commonly shortened to Hewlett-Packard ( ) or HP, was an American multinational information technology company. It was founded by Bill Hewlett and David Packard in 1939 in a one-car garage in Palo Alto, California, where the company would remain headquartered for the remainder of its lifetime; this HP Garage is now a designated landmark and marked with a plaque calling it the "Birthplace of 'Silicon Valley. HP developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components, as well as software and related services, to consumers, small and medium-sized businesses (small and medium-sized enterprises, SMBs), and fairly large companies, including customers in government sectors, until the company officially split into Hewlett Packard Enterprise and HP Inc. in 2015. HP initially produced a line of electronic test and measurement equipment. It won its first big contract in 1938 to provide the HP 200B, a variation of its first product, the HP 200A low-distor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
