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α-Ethyl-N-methylphenethylamine
α-Ethyl-''N''-methylphenethylamine (MEPEA; code name PAL-426) is a stimulant, designer drug, and norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and phenylisobutylamine (α-ethylphenethylamine) families. It is the ''N''-methyl derivative of phenylisobutylamine (α-ethylphenethylamine; AEPEA) and is the α- ethyl homologue of methamphetamine (α-methyl-''N''-methylphenethylamine). The drug's values for induction of monoamine release are 58nM for norepinephrine, 179 to 225nM for dopamine, and 4,698nM for serotonin. Like amphetamine, MEPEA produces hyperlocomotion and sympathomimetic effects in rodents. It is about one-tenth as potent as ''d''-methamphetamine in drug discrimination and other tests in rodents. MEPEA was first described in the scientific literature by 1984. It has been encountered as an ingredient in dietary supplements. See also * ''N'',α-Diethylphenethylamine * α-Propylphenethylamine * Buphedrone Buphedrone, als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylisobutylamine
Phenylisobutylamine, also known as α-ethylphenethylamine (AEPEA) or as butanphenamine (B), is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families. It is a higher homologue of amphetamine, differing from amphetamine's molecular structure only by the substitution of the methyl group at the alpha position of the side chain with an ethyl group. Phenylisobutylamine acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) and has been found to produce stimulant-like and reinforcing effects in animals. It shows much lower potency and a greater preference for induction of norepinephrine release compared to dextroamphetamine. "Phenylisobutylamine" is in fact a chemical misnomer because isobutylamine itself contains a branched chain. The correct name after this style for this class of compound would be "phenyl''sec''butylamine". Derivatives A number of notable derivatives of phenylisobutylamine are known, including the following: Additional derivatives with longer α ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norepinephrine–dopamine Releasing Agent
A norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) is a type of drug which induces the synapse, release of norepinephrine (and epinephrine) and dopamine in the body and/or brain. Many of these are amphetamine type stimulants. Examples Examples of NDRAs include phenethylamine, tyramine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine, methamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, cathine, cathinone, methcathinone, phentermine, phenmetrazine, aminorex, and benzylpiperazine. Amphetamine type stimulants Amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) are a group of synthetic drugs that are chemical derivatives of the parent compound alpha-methylphenethylamine, also known as amphetamine. Common ATS includes amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA). ATS when used illicitly has street names including ice, meth, cry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin
Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and also peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS. Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Designer Drugs
A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these designer drugs were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and shorter duration (and possibly also because it is easier to apply for patents for new molecules) and were later co-opted for recreational use. Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories. Because the efficacy and safety of these substances have not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buphedrone
Buphedrone, also known as α-methylamino-butyrophenone (MABP), is a stimulant of the phenethylamine and cathinone chemical classes that was first synthesized in 1928. It is a synthetic analogue of cathinone, a stimulant naturally occurring in the kath plant. Like many other synthetic cathinones (''e.g.'' mephedrone), it is also found in so called "legal highs" (sometimes also called "bath salts"), a class of designer drugs used to bypass legal restrictions. Chemistry Buphedrone is a β-ketone and is related to the naturally occurring compounds cathinone and cathine. It is also related to methamphetamine, differing by the β-ketone substituent (at the β-carbon) and an ethyl group replacing the methyl group at the carbon at the α-position relative to the amine. Another name for buphedrone is phenylacetoethyl-methylamine. Buphedrone as free base is very unstable; it is prone to dimerization like other α-amino ketones. Because of this, it is sold as various salts, with a hydr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
N,α-Diethylphenethylamine
''N'',α-Diethylphenethylamine (DEPEA or NADEP), also known as 2-ethylamino-1-phenylbutane (EAPB) is a stimulant drug of the phenylisobutylamine (α-ethylphenethylamine) group. It is a close chemical analog of methamphetamine, which has been sold as a designer drug. It was originally patented by Knoll Pharma as one of several analogs for pharmaceutical applications. In animal models these analogs showed properties of cognitive enhancement and increased pain tolerance. Nevertheless, this class of compounds was never developed into a medicine. Pharmacology DEPEA is a mixed norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) and norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It is a full releaser of norepinephrine but a weak partial releaser of dopamine with a maximal efficacy of about 40% in rat brain synaptosomes. In another study however, DEPEA non-significantly released norepinephrine but did not release dopamine at all in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfecte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dietary Supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill (pharmacy), pill, capsule (pharmacy), capsule, tablet (pharmacy), tablet, powder, or liquid. A supplement can provide nutrients either extracted from food sources, or that are synthetic (to increase the quantity of their consumption). The classes of nutrient compounds in supplements include vitamins, Dietary mineral, minerals, Dietary fiber, fiber, fatty acids, and amino acids. Dietary supplements can also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being essential to life, and so are not ''nutrients'' per se, but are marketed as having a beneficial biological effect, such as plant pigments or polyphenols. Animals can also be a source of supplement ingredients, such as collagen from chickens or fish for example. These are also sold individually and in combination, and may be combined with nutrient ingredients. The European Commission has also established harmonize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Literature
Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original empirical research and theoretical contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as "the literature" within specific research fields. The process of academic publishing involves disseminating research findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as peer review, ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of the scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors. Original scientific research first published in scientific journals co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drug Discrimination
Drug discrimination (DD) is a technique in behavioral neuroscience used to evaluate the discriminative stimulus properties or interoceptive cues of psychoactive drugs. In drug discrimination, a subject is trained on a training drug, and then it is tested with novel drugs to see if the novel drugs are experienced as similar to the training drug. In essence, the drug discrimination paradigm has the subject "tell" the experimenter "I think you gave me the training drug" or "I don't think you gave me anything". The discriminative stimulus properties of drugs are believed to reflect their subjective effects. When partial or full stimulus generalization of a test drug to a training drug occurs, the test drug can be assumed to have effects that are subjectively similar to those of the training drug. Drug discrimination tests are usually performed in animals, but have also been conducted in humans. Drug discrimination assays have been employed to assess whether drugs have stimulant- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
