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Turkmen Language
Turkmen (, , , or , , , ) is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia. It has an estimated 4.7 million native speakers in Turkmenistan (where it is the official language), and a further 359,000 speakers in northeastern Iran and 1.2 million people in northwestern Afghanistan, where it has no official status. Turkmen is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Turkmen communities of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and by diaspora communities, primarily in Turkey and Russia. Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related to Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Qashqai, and Turkish, sharing varying degrees of mutual intelligibility with each of those languages. However, the closest relative of Turkmen is considered Khorasani Turkic, spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm, the Oghuz dialect of Uzbek spoken mainly in Khorezm along the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech Orthography
Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing (orthography) in Czech. The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus, the namesake of the Hussite movement, in one of his seminal works, '' De orthographia bohemica'' (''On Bohemian orthography''). The modern Czech orthographic system is diacritic, having evolved from an earlier system which used many digraphs (although one digraph has been kept - ''ch''). The caron (known as ''háček'' in Czech) is added to standard Latin letters to express sounds which are foreign to Latin. The acute accent is used for long vowels. The Czech orthography is considered the model for many other Balto-Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet; Slovak orthography being its direct revised descendant, while the Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet and its Slovene and Serbian descendant system are largely based on it. The Baltic languages, such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slovak Orthography
The first Slovak orthography was proposed and created by the Slovak Catholic priest Anton Bernolák (1762–1813) in his ''Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum'', used in the six-volume ''Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary'' (1825–1927) and used primarily by Slovak Catholics. The standard orthography of the Slovak language is immediately based on the standard developed by Ľudovít Štúr in 1844 and reformed by Martin Hattala in 1851 with the agreement of Štúr. The then-current (1840s) form of the central Slovak dialect was chosen as the standard. After Hattala's reform, the standardized orthography remained mostly unchanged. Alphabet The Slovak alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet with 46 letters including four diacritics (ˇ( mäkčeň), ´(acute accent), ¨( diaeresis/umlaut), ˆ(circumflex)), which makes it the longest Slavic and European alphabet. In IPA transcriptions of Slovak, are often written with , i.e. as if they were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech Alphabet
Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing (orthography) in Czech language, Czech. The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus, the namesake of the Hussite movement, in one of his seminal works, ''De orthographia bohemica'' (''On Bohemian orthography''). The modern Czech orthographic system is diacritic, having evolved from an earlier system which used many Digraph (orthography), digraphs (although one digraph has been kept - ''ch''). The caron (known as ''háček'' in Czech) is added to standard Latin letters to express sounds which are foreign to Latin language, Latin. The acute accent is used for long vowels. The Czech orthography is considered the model for many other Balto-Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet; Slovak orthography, Slovak orthography being its direct revised descendant, while the Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet and its Slovene alphabet, Slov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slovak Alphabet
The first Slovak orthography was proposed and created by the Slovak Catholic priest Anton Bernolák (1762–1813) in his ''Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum'', used in the six-volume ''Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary'' (1825–1927) and used primarily by Slovak Catholics. The standard orthography of the Slovak language is immediately based on the standard developed by Ľudovít Štúr in 1844 and reformed by Martin Hattala in 1851 with the agreement of Štúr. The then-current (1840s) form of the central Slovak dialect was chosen as the standard. After Hattala's reform, the standardized orthography remained mostly unchanged. Alphabet The Slovak alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet with 46 letters including four diacritics (ˇ( mäkčeň), ´(acute accent), ¨( diaeresis/umlaut), ˆ(circumflex)), which makes it the longest Slavic and European alphabet. In IPA transcriptions of Slovak, are often written with , i.e. as if they were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkmen Alphabet
The Turkmen alphabet refers to variants of the Latin script, Latin alphabet, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic alphabet, or Arabic script, Arabic alphabet used for writing of the Turkmen language. The modified variant of the Latin script, Latin alphabet currently has an official status in Turkmenistan. For centuries, literary Turkic tradition in Central Asia (Chagatai language, Chagatai) revolved around the Arabic alphabet. At the start of the 20th century, when local literary conventions were to match colloquial variants of Turkic languages, and Turkmen-proper started to be written, it continued to use the Arabic script. In the 1920s, in Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Turkmenistan, issues and shortcomings of the Arabic alphabet for accurately representing Turkmen were identified and the orthography was refined (same as other Arabic-derived orthographies in Central Asia, such as Uzbek alphabet, Uzbek and Kazakh alphabets). But by 1928, due to state-policy, this orthography wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Háček
A caron or háček ( ), is a diacritic mark () placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages, to indicate a change of the related letter's pronunciation. Typographers tend to use the term ''caron'', while linguists prefer the Czech word '. The symbol is common in the Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Samic and Berber language families. Its use differs according to the orthographic rules of a language. In most Slavic and other European languages it indicates present or historical palatalization (e → ě; [] → []), iotation, or postalveolar consonant, postalveolar articulation (c → č; → ). In Salishan languages, it often represents a uvular consonant (x → x̌; [] → ). When placed over vowel symbols, the caron can indicate a contour tone, for instance the falling and then rising tone in the Pinyin romanization of Standard Chinese, Mandarin Chinese. It is also used to decorate symbols in mathematics, where it is often pronounced ("check"). The caro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palatal Nasal
The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase letter ''n'' with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol is visually similar to , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem. The IPA symbol derives from and , for nasality and denoting palatalization. In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, it is represented by the letter , called ''eñe'' (). In French and Italian orthographies the sound is represented by the digraph . Occitan uses the digraph , the source of the same Portuguese digraph called ''ene-agá'' (), use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech Phonology
This article discusses the phonological system of the Czech language. Consonants Consonant chart The following chart shows a complete list of the consonant phonemes of Czech: Phonetic notes: * Sibilants are laminal post-alveolars (usually not considered retroflex). * The approximant is mainly pronounced apico-alveolar, although a velarized pronunciation without a firm tongue tip contact is not unusual. * Both and are trills though commonly realized with a single contact. * The phoneme , written , is a raised alveolar non-sonorant trill. Its rarity makes it difficult to produce for most foreign learners of Czech, who may pronounce it as ; however, it contrasts with as well as . For example, the words ('to neigh') & ('to eat f animals), are both pronounced differently from ('order'). The basic realization of this phoneme is voiced, but it is voiceless when preceded or followed by a voiceless consonant or at the end of a word. Phonetically, the sound is a pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slovak Phonology
This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Slovak language. Vowels * Vowel length is phonemic in standard Slovak. Both short and long vowels have the same quality. However, in native words, it is contrastive mostly in the case of the close and the open back (but ''not'' the open front , which occurs only as short). Outside of adjective endings, the front long mid vowel appears in loanwords along with one native word (''dcéra''), whereas the back long mid vowel appears only in loanwords. * Eastern dialects lack the short–long opposition entirely. In Western dialects, vowels that are short due to the rhythmical rule are often realized as long, thus violating the rule. * The falling diphthongs , as well as mostly replace , and after soft consonants, though there are exceptions such as ''jún'' 'June'. can also occur after in some cases. Furthermore, at least and can also occur after hard consonants, as in ''kvietok'' 'little flower' and ''piatok'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
En With Descender
En with descender (Ң ң; italics: ''Ңң'') is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter En (Н н) by adding a descender to the right leg. It is used in several mostly Turkic languages to represent the voiced velar nasal , like the pronunciation of in "sing". In some cases, it also represents allophones of , most commonly the voiced uvular nasal . The Cyrillic letter En with descender is romanized as or . Usage The Cyrillic letter En with descender is used in the alphabets of the following languages: Computing codes See also *Ӊ ӊ : Cyrillic letter En with tail *Ӈ ӈ : Cyrillic letter En with hook *Ҥ ҥ : Cyrillic ligature En Ge *Ñ ñ : Latin letter Ñ *Ň ň : Latin letter Ň *Ń ń : Latin letter Ń *Ŋ ŋ : Latin letter Eng * : Latin letter N with descender *Cyrillic characters in Unicode As of Unicode version , Cyrillic script is encoded across several blocks: * CyrillicU+0400–U+04FF 256 character ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gn (digraph)
This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. is alphabetised with , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as (a variant of ) and (based on ), are placed at the end. Capitalisation only involves the first letter ( becomes ) unless otherwise stated ( becomes in Dutch, and digraphs marking eclipsis in Irish, are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. becomes ). Apostrophe Source: (capital ) is used in Bari for . (capital ) is used in Bari for . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or ''yin'' tone . It is also often written as . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark . (capital ) is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for , but in Nige ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
