İctihad

	İctihad ''İctihad'' (, French: ''Idjtihad'') was a cultural and political magazine which was started and published by Abdullah Cevdet, an Ottoman intellectual. It was established in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1904 and then appeared in Cairo. The magazine was headquartered in Istanbul between 1911 and 1932. History and profile ''İctihad'' was first published in Geneva on 1 September 1904 featuring both Turkish and French articles. Its founder and editor was Abdullah Cevdet who founded it with the financial support of Ahmed Celâleddin Pasha. Cevdet was given permission by the Swiss government to start the magazine in August 1904. He was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress and was in exile in Geneva. He was expelled from Switzerland after the publication of the ''İctihad''s second issue and then, the magazine was managed by Hüseyin Tosun for a while. The magazine moved to Cairo in 1906 where it was published until 1908. It was restarted in Istanbul in 1911. The frequency of '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Abdullah Cevdet Abdullah Cevdet Bey (‎9 September 1869 – 29 November 1932) was a Young Turk intellectual and physician of Kurdish origin. He was one of the founders of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and wrote articles with pen name of "Bir Kürd" ("A Kurd") for the publications such as '' Meşveret'', ''Kurdistan'' and '' Roji Kurd'' about the East–West dichotomy and Kurdish awakening and nationalism. In his personal publication '' İctihad'' he pushed for the westernization of society, feminism, workers rights, liberty, science, secularism, and social liberalism. He was an ideologue of the CUP until 1902, when he became an opponent of the organization he founded as it embraced Turkish nationalism. In 1908, he established the Democratic Party, which merged with the Freedom and Accord Party in 1911. He was briefly active in support of Kurdish independence in the early 1920s. Cevdet's literary career was defined by his antagonistic relationship with religious conservatives and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Jean-Marie Guyau Jean-Marie Guyau (28 October 1854 – 31 March 1888) was a French philosopher and poet. Guyau was inspired by the philosophies of Epicurus, Epictetus, Plato, Immanuel Kant, Herbert Spencer, and Alfred Fouillée, and the poetry and literature of Pierre Corneille, Victor Hugo, and Alfred de Musset. Life Guyau was first exposed to Plato and Kant, as well as the history of religions and philosophy in his youth through his stepfather, the noted French philosopher Alfred Fouillée. With this background, he was able to attain his Bachelor of Arts at only 17 years of age, and at this time, translated the ''Handbook'' of Epictetus. At 19, he published his 1300-page "Mémoire" that, a year later in 1874, won a prize from the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences and helped to earn him a philosophy lectureship at the Lycée Condorcet. However, this was short-lived, as he soon began to suffer from pulmonary disease. Following the first attacks of his disease, he went to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Enis Behiç Koryürek Enis Behiç Koryürek, (11 March 1891–18 October 1949), was a Turkish poet, teacher, diplomat and bureaucrat. He is a diplomat who has made great contributions to the development of Turkish-Hungarian friendship and turning Gül Baba Tomb into a museum again. He was one of the first bureaucrats who approached the workers' issues seriously and opened the ways of institutionalization for solutions. Biography He was born in 1891 in the Aksaray district of Istanbul. His father is Doctor Lieutenant Colonel İsmail Behiç Bey and his mother is Fâika Hanım. After completing his primary education at home, he studied at Thessaloniki and Skopje High Schools and Istanbul High School and graduated from the Mülkiye Mektebi with first place in 1913. He published his first poem, titled "My Soul Embeds in My Poems" when he was 19 years old. He took part in the Fecr-i Ati community for a short time. He had wide repercussions with his poem "Vatan Elegy", which he dedicated to "Namik Kemal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel (18 May 1898 – 8 November 1973) was a leading Turkish people, Turkish poet, author and later politician. He is one of the Five Syllabists. Together with Behçet Kemal Çağlar, he wrote the lyrics of the Tenth Anniversary March. He served as a member of parliament for Istanbul during the 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th terms of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM). Biography Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, on 18 May 1898. His mother, Fatma Ruhiye, was the daughter of a merchant named Necati Bey and his father, Süleyman Nazif Bey, who served as a public servant at the Ministry of Forestry. Faruk Nafiz graduated from Bakırköy Secondary School and Hadika-i Meşveret High School. Having studied medicine for a while, he quit his education and decided to work in the newspaper ''Ati''. From 1919 to 1920 he was among the contributors of ''Büyük Mecmua'' which was a magazine supporting the Turkish Independence War, Independence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Cenâb Şehâbeddîn Cenâb Şehâbeddîn (born 21 March 1870, Bitola – 12 February 1934, Istanbul), was a Turkish poet and writer. He was one of the leading representatives of Servet-i Fünûn literature. Biography He was born on March 21, 1870, in Bitola. His father, Osman Şehabeddin Bey, was a major in the Ottoman Army and he died during the Siege of Plevna during the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). After the death of his father, he moved to Istanbul with his family when he was about six years old. Education He attended primary school at ''Mekteb-i Feyziyye'' in Tophane. Then he entered '' Eyüp Military High School''. After the collapse of this school, he transferred to ''Gülhane Military Medical Academy'' and graduated from here in 1880. Then he entered Medical Academy, after studying for two years, he was accepted to the fifth year of Military Medical Academy. He graduated from school as a doctor captain in 1889. As he graduated with a good degree, he was sent to Paris by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ahmet Haşim Ahmet Haşim (also written as Ahmed Hâşim; 1887 – 4 June 1933) was an influential Turkish people, Turkish poet of the early 20th century. Biography Ahmed Hâşim was born in Baghdad, probably in the year 1884. His father was the provincial governor of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman sanjak of Fizan. Around 1893, Ahmed went to Istanbul with his father, following the death of his mother. In 1906, having graduated from the ''Mekteb-i Sultanî'' (now Galatasaray High School), he began work in the ''Reji'', the state tobacco monopoly, and was registered at Istanbul University's school of law. Between 1908 and 1910, Hâşim worked as a French language teacher in the city of İzmir and as an officer in the Office of Public Debts (''Düyun-u Umumiye''). He was Conscription, conscripted in the World War I, First World War, serving mostly in Anatolia; following the war, he returned to Istanbul and worked in the Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası, Ottoman Bank. After the foundati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ali Canip Yöntem Ali Canip Yöntem (born 1887 Istanbul – October 26, 1967, Istanbul), was a Turkish poet, writer, literary history researcher, and politician. Biography He was born in 1887 in Istanbul. His father is Halil Saip, a member of the Ministry of Evkaf, and his mother is Hafize Nuriye, the daughter of Anapa mufti İslam. Most of his grandfathers were from Kanlıca and had worked in foundations. He studied in Istanbul, first at Üsküdar Gülfem School, then at Toptaşı Military High School and two years at the French school in Selamsız. After his father was exiled to Thessaloniki, he continued his education at the Thessaloniki Mulkiye High School. The Turkish and literature lessons he took from Cudi Efendi at this school made him interested in literature. The poet he read most during high school was Muallim Naci. In 1906, when he was in the last year of his high school, he enrolled in Istanbul Law School with an examination, but later had his enrollment in Thessaloniki Law School. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan (born Abdülhak Hâmid; January 2, 1852 – April 12, 1937)Some sources state Feb 2,1852 was an early 20th-century Ottoman Empire, Ottoman playwright and poet. He was one of the leading lights of the Turkish Romantic period. He is known in Turkish literature as "Şair-i Azam" (The Grand Poet) and "Dahi-i Azam" (The Grand Genius). Early years Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan was born Abdülhak Hâmid on January 2, 1852, in Bebek, Beşiktaş, Bebek, Istanbul. His father was Hayrullah Efendi, a historian and ambassador. His mother, Münteha Hanım, was Adyghe people, Circassian. He was the grandson of Abdulhak Molla, a poet and physician at the court of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Abdulhak Hâmid took private lessons from Yanyalı Tahsin Hoca and Edremitli Bahaddin Hoca while attending secondary school. In August 1863 he went to Paris, France with his brother Nasuhi, where his father had been posted. He continued his education there for one and a half years. After he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Faik Ali Ozansoy Faik Ali Ozansoy (10 March 1876 – 1 October 1950) was a Turkish politician, poet, and educator. He was the younger brother of Süleyman Nazif, an eminent man of letters and prominent member of the Committee for Union and Progress. Faik Ali was one of the foremost poets and writers of the Servet-i Fünun and Fecr-i Âti literary period. During World War I, Ozansoy served as the governor of Kütahya. Ozansoy is especially known for having saved the lives of thousands of Armenians during the Armenian genocide. Due to protecting the life of Armenian Christians, Ozansoy was known as the "governor of the infidels" by his contemporaries. On 24 April 2013, the day of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide, various prominent figures of both the Armenian and Turkish community visited his grave to pay tribute. Early life Faik Ali Ozansoy, who was originally named Mehmet Faik, was born on 10 March 1876 in Diyarbakır, Ottoman Empire. He was born into a family that was known for their poetic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Tevfik Fikret Tevfik Fikret () was the pseudonym of Mehmed Tevfik (December 24, 1867 – August 19, 1915), an Ottoman educator and poet, who is considered the founder of the modern school of Turkish poetry. Biography Family Mehmed Tevfik was born in Istanbul on December 24, 1867.Ayşegül Yaraman-Başbuğu, ''Biyografya: Tevfik Fikret'', Bağlam, 2006, p. 17. "Kökleri, baba tarafından Çankırı 'sancağı'nın Çerkeş kazasına, anne tarafından ise Sakız adalı, Islâmiyeti benimseyen Rum asıllı bir aileye uzanan Mehmet Tevfik (sonradan Tevfik Fikret) 24 Aralık 1867 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğmuş..." His father (Hüseyin Efendi), originally from the district of Çerkeş in the sanjak of Çankırı, was mostly absent, as he was exiled for being a political foe of the ruling regime; while his mother (Hatice Refia Hanım), a Greek Muslim convert from the island of Chios, died when he was very young. Education He received his education at the prestigious Galatasaray High School ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Süleyman Nazif Süleyman Nazif (;‎ 29 January 1870 – 4 January 1927) was a Turkish poet and a prominent member of the CUP. He mastered Arabic, Persian, and French languages and worked as a civil servant during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. He contributed to the literary magazine ''Servet-i Fünun'' ("Wealth of Knowledge") until it was censored by the Ottoman government in 1901. Biography Süleyman Nazif was born in 1870 in Diyarbakır to half Kurdish and half Turcoman family, his father was Said Pasha, a poet and historian. He was the brother of renowned Turkish poet and politician Faik Ali Ozansoy. He started his education in his very early years in Maraş. Later, he was schooled in Diyarbakır. In 1879, he joined his father again in Maraş, took private lessons from his father and in French language from an Armenian priest. Following the death of his father in 1892, Süleyman Nazif worked at several posts in the Governorate of Diyarbakır. In 1896, he was promoted and worke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Materialism Materialism is a form of monism, philosophical monism according to which matter is the fundamental Substance theory, substance in nature, and all things, including mind, mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are caused by physical processes, such as the neurochemistry of the human brain and nervous system, without which they cannot exist. Materialism directly contrasts with monistic idealism, according to which consciousness is the fundamental substance of nature. Materialism is closely related to physicalism—the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the theories of the physical sciences to incorporate forms of physicality in addition to ordinary matter (e.g. spacetime, energy, physical energies and forces, and exotic matter). Thus, some prefer the term ''physicalism'' to ''materialism'', while others use them as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]