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Ülüş System
The Ülüş system was the administrative system of the historical Turkic and Mongolic states. The noun ''Üleş'' in Turkish language, Turkish means "share" and the verb "üleş-mek" means to share. The system According to historian Halil İnalcık, the sovereignty didn't belong solely to the khagan (emperor), but to the members of the khagan's family. Thus the khagan allocated each member of the family a share of the country. This share was called ülüş. According to Kürşat Kocak however, the ülüş practice included also high level state officials. This resembles the fief system in Medieval Europe. It is stressed by Lev Gumilev that it was not a European type feudalism, but the system was developed by the xiongnu, Southern Xiongnu during the second century AD.L. N. Gümilev, ''Eski Türkler'', translation by Ahsen Batur, p. 80-81 It was used by the First Turkic Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate, Mongol Empire and other political powers of Central Asia. Example In the First Turk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Language
Turkish ( , , also known as 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, a member of Oghuz languages, Oghuz branch with around 90 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and one of two official languages of Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, other parts of Europe, the South Caucasus, and some parts of Central Asia, Iraqi Turkmen, Iraq, and Syrian Turkmen, Syria. Turkish is the List of languages by total number of speakers, 18th-most spoken language in the world. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Persian alphabet, Perso-Arabic script-based Ottoman Turkish alphabet was repl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taspar
Taspar Qaghan ( Sogdian: ''t’asp’r γ’γ’n'') or Tatpar Qaghan (Sogdian: ''t’tp’r x’γ’n'', Rouran: ''Tadpar qaɣan''; Old Turkic: 𐱃𐱃𐰯𐰺𐰴𐰍𐰣 Tatpar qaγan, 佗缽可汗/佗钵可汗, Pinyin: tuóbō Kèhán, Wade-Giles: t'o-po k'o-han) was the third son of Bumin Qaghan and Wei Changle (長樂公主), and the fourth khagan of the Turkic Khaganate (572–581). Reign His reign saw further rise of Turkic power even to the point calling both Zhou and Qi emperors as his sons.'' Book of Zhou, Volume 50'' He appointed his nephews Ashina Shetu as Erzhu khagan to east and Börü khagan to west as lesser khagans. He switched his alliance from Zhou to Qi. Sent a horse as gift in 572 and granted defeated Qi prince Gao Shaoyi asylum. He transferred the former Northern Qi subjects, whether they fled to or were captured to Tujue, to be under Gao Shaoyi's command. However, he still maintained good relationship with Zhou, sending another horse as gift in 574 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sovereignty
Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within a state as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body or institution that has the ultimate authority over other people and to change existing laws. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme legitimate authority over some polity. In international law, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a state. ''De jure'' sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; '' de facto'' sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so. This can become an issue of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that ''de jure'' and ''de facto'' sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and reside within the same organization. Etymology The term arises from the unattested Vulgar Latin *''superanus'' (itself a derived form of Latin ''super'' – "over") meaning "chief", "ruler". Its spellin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amrak
Ashina Anluo () was the fifth ruler of the Turkic Khaganate. in the sixth century. His regnal title is not recorded in Chinese sources. Name His name is subject to debate. '' Book of Sui'' and ''Tongdian'' recorded his name as Ānluó () whereas ''Zizhi Tongjian'' recorded similarly sounding version Ānluó (). '' Cefu Yuangui'' has both versions. Lev Gumilev proposed Amraq () as Turkic reconstruction of Anluo. His name was recorded in Bugut inscription in . Turkish scholar Hayrettin İhsan Erkoç proposed Umna as proper reconstruction. Reign According to Chinese sources he was enthroned after his father's death in 581, soon his cousin Talopien ( Mukan Khagan's son) proposed his own claim, saying that Taspar willed the title to him. Just like Taspar inherited this title from his father. Chinese sources suggest that Anluo's mother was a noble while Talopien's mother was a commoner, hence he wasn't favorable. Another cousin Shetu ( Issik Khagan's son) supported Anluo, threa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volga River
The Volga (, ) is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catchment area of .«Река Волга» , Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of . It is widely regarded as the national river of |
Tamgan
Tumgan (also known as Turkshad, Turxanthos) was a shad (governor prince) of the Turkic Empire (also called Göktürk) in the late 6th century. According to Edward Gibbon his name may be a title rather than a proper name. Background In 552 Bumin founded the Gokturk Empire. His younger brother Istämi was viceroy ( Yabghu) in the west. In 575 Istämi was followed by Tardu. By 575/76 Tamgan held some kind of power in the far west around the Volga River. He was probably Tardu's younger brother. Relations with the Byzantine Empire Because of the geographic position of his region, Tamgan was responsible in diplomatic relations with Byzantine Empire. (Hence, the historical sources about Tamgan are mostly the reports of Byzantine envoys). Initially Turkic and Byzantine Empires were allies against Sassanid Iran and Pannonian Avars. However, according to Byzantine historian Menander Protector, a Byzantine envoy named Valentinos visited Tamgan's headquarters where Tamgan accused Byz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jetisu
Jetisu ( ) or Semirechye ( rus, Семиречье, p=sʲɪmʲɪˈrʲetɕje) or Heptopotamia is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the southeastern part of modern Kazakhstan. Name Jetisu is also transcribed Jeti-Suu (, ), Zhetisu, Jetisuw, Jetysu, Jeti-su or Jity-su, The name comes from "seven rivers" in Kazakh but meant "abounding in water", in contrast to the dry steppes of the eastern Balkhash area. It owes its name to the rivers that flow from the southeast into Lake Balkhash. Jetisu primarily falls into today's Jetisu Region and Almaty Region and other South-Eastern parts of Kazakhstan and some parts of Northern Kyrgyzstan. Geography The lands of the 19th-century Semirechye Oblast included the steppes south of Lake Balkhash and parts of the Tian Shan Mountains around Lake Issyk Kul. The province had an area of 147,300 km², and was bounded by the province of Semipalatinsk on the north, by China (Xinjiang) on the east and south, and by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kara Çürün
Tardu or Tardush Yabghu was the second yabghu of the Western Turkic Khaganate (c. 575–603), and ninth Khagan of the First Turkic Khaganate (599–603). He was the son of Istämi. Names The regnal name in Turkic was Tarduš (), Medieval Greek: , , Pinyin: , Wade–Giles: , personal name: , , ). According to Lev Gumilev his personal name was Kara-Churin-Turk (Кара Чурин Тюрк).Lev Nikolayrviç Gumilev: ''Eski Türkler ''(trans. D.Ahsen Batur) Selenge yayınları, İstanbul, 2002 p. 140, 550 However, when he subjugated the eastern half after the death of Tulan Qaghan, he assumed the regnal name Bilge (Wise) Khagan. Background The Turkic Khaganate was a vast khaganate (empire); from Manchuria and the Great Wall of China to the Black Sea. It was impossible to govern the whole khaganate from a certain capital. So while the eastern part was directly ruled by the ''khagan'' (emperor), the western part was governed by the '' yabghu'' (vassal) on behalf of the ''kha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apa Khagan
Apa Qaghan (, Middle Chinese: (Guangyun) ) was a son of Muqan Qaghan and a claimant to the Turkic Khaganate. Biography He was born Ashina Daluobian or Talopien () to Muqan Qaghan and a concubine, probably around 551. Lev Gumilev reconstructed his Turkic name as "Töremen" while Saadettin Gömeç proposed "Törüpen". Gumilev also equated him to Turum () who appears in Theophylact Simocatta's work. His sister was Empress Ashina, wife of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. He had a younger brother called Yangsu Tegin. He rose to prominence around 581, when Ashina Anluo was enthroned. He claimed that Taspar willed the title to him upon his death. Anluo's mother was a noble while Talopien's mother was a commoner, hence he wasn't favorable. Another cousin Shetu ( Issik Khagan's son) supported Anluo, threatening to rebel if the throne is passed to Talopien. Meanwhile, Talopien still harassed Anluo and sent few emissaries to force him to abdicate. Anluo, being the least powerful of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishbara Qaghan
Ishbara Qaghan (, ) (c. 540 – 587) was the first son of Issik Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, and the sixth khagan of the Turkic Khaganate (581–587). Name His birth name was recorded as either Ashina Shetu or Nietu () in Chinese sources. His name is written in in Bugut Inscription. Gerard Clauson and Peter Golden argued that name is non-Turkic. Biography Under Taspar He was probably born to Issik Qaghan. He was created by Taspar khagan as Erfu Khagan () in east in 572. Reign He was raised to the throne after resignation of Ashina Anluo by the high council as the legal resolution to the crisis created by his uncle Taspar Qaghan who had bequeathed the title of khagan to his nephew Talopien (son of Muqan Qaghan). This act violated the traditional system of inheritance from oldest brother to youngest brother and oldest son to youngest. He took the regnal name Illig Kül Shad Bagha Ishbara Khagan () and started to rule from Ötüken. According to ''To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altai Mountain
The Altai Mountains (), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The massif merges with the Sayan Mountains in the northeast, and gradually becomes lower in the southeast, where it merges into the high plateau of the Gobi Desert. It spans from about 45° to 52° N and from about 84° to 99° E. The region is inhabited by a sparse but ethnically diverse population, including Russians, Kazakhs, Altais, Tuvans, Mongols, and Volga Germans, though predominantly represented by indigenous ethnic minorities of semi-nomadic people. The local economy is based on bovine, sheep, horse husbandry, hunting, agriculture, forestry, and mining. The proposed Altaic language family takes its name from this mountain range. Etymology and modern names ''Altai'' is derived from underlying form *''altañ'' "gold, golden" (compare Old Turkic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Göktürk Family Tree
The Göktürk family tree refers to the ruling Ashina clan of the Turkic Khaganate, a vast medieval empire which stretched from northeast China to the Black Sea.Jean Paul Roux: ''Türklerin Tarihi (Historie des Turcs)'', tr:Prof Dr Aykut Kazancıgil, Lale Arslan Özcan, Kabalcı yayınevi, İstanbul, 2007, p 101. The following family tree is given in five sections:L.M.Gümilev :''Eski Türkler'', trans:Ahsen Batur, Selenge yayınları, İstanbul, 2002, , , pp.561-564 #The united empire up to 603 (death of Tardu Khagan) #The west half of the empire which was ruled by yabgus on behalf of the central khagans up to 599 and the same half ruled independently after the empire was partitioned. #East half of the empire after 603 #The reestablishment of the empire after 681 ( Second Turkic Khaganate) #West and east parts of the first empire The color legend is as follows. It can be seen that both the central empire and (later) the east wing were ruled by the descendants of Bumin and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
