|
Écorché
An ''écorché'' () is a figure drawn, painted, or sculpted showing the muscles of the body without skin, normally as a figure study for another work or as an exercise for a student artist. The architect and Renaissance man Leon Battista Alberti recommended that when painters intend to depict a nude, they should first arrange the muscles and bones, then depict the overlying skin.Écorché defined at ArtLex.com 
Some of the first well known studies of this kind were performed by
|
Honoré Fragonard
Honoré Fragonard (13 June 1732 – 5 April 1799) was a French anatomy, anatomist, now remembered primarily for his remarkable collection of ''écorchés'' (flayed figures) in the Musée Fragonard d'Alfort. Fragonard was born in Grasse as cousin to painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard. After studying surgery, in 1759 he obtained his license and in 1762 was recruited by Claude Bourgelat, founder of the world's first veterinary school in Lyon. There Fragonard began to make his first anatomical exhibits. In 1765 Louis XV of France, Louis XV initiated a veterinary school in Paris, first resident at rue Sainte Appoline but in 1766 moving to the suburb of Alfort (today the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort in Maisons-Alfort). There Fragonard served as the school's first professor of anatomy for six years, preparing thousands of anatomical pieces, but was expelled in 1771 as a madman. His ostentatious specimens were housed among many other objects of natural history and comparativ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flaying
Flaying is a method of slow and painful torture and/or execution in which skin is removed from the body. Generally, an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact. Scope A dead animal may be flayed when preparing it to be used as human food, or for its hide or fur. This is more commonly called skinning. Flaying of humans is used as a method of torture or execution, depending on how much of the skin is removed. This is often referred to as flaying alive. There are also records of people flayed after death, generally as a means of debasing the corpse of a prominent enemy or criminal, sometimes related to religious beliefs (e.g., to deny an afterlife); sometimes the skin is used, again for deterrence, esoteric/ritualistic purposes, etc. (e.g., scalping). Causes of death Dermatologist Ernst G. Jung notes that the typical causes of death due to flaying are shock, critical loss of blood or other body fluids, hypothermia, or infections, and that the actual death ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (; born Benedetto Caetani; – 11 October 1303) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303. The Caetani, Caetani family was of baronial origin with connections to the papacy. He succeeded Pope Celestine V, who had papal resignation, abdicated from the papal throne. Boniface spent his early pontificate abroad in diplomatic roles. Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims of any pope to Temporal power of the Holy See, temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs, including in France, Sicily, Italy, and the First War of Scottish Independence. These views, and his chronic intervention in temporal affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who expected the pope to soon arrive at the Malebolge, eighth circle of Inferno (Dante), Hell in his ''Divine Comedy'', among the simony, simoniacs. Bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mummification
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least the early 17th century. Mummies of humans and animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats. Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are sacred ibis, and radiocarbon dating suggests the Egyptian ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from a time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC. In addition to the mummies of ancient Egypt, delib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Fabien Gautier D'Agoty
Jacques Fabien Gautier d'Agoty (6 September 1711, Marseille–25 January 1786, Paris) was a French anatomist, painter and printmaker. Life and work His studies began as a pupil of the painter and engraver Jacob Christoph Le Blon, the inventor of the first engraving and printing process that involved the use of colors (blue, yellow and red).Roger Portalis, "La gravure en couleurs", in: ''Gazette des beaux-arts : courrier européen de l'art et de la curiosité'', 1888, pp.441-457 D'Agoty claimed that he proposed an improved method, using black, but was rebuffed by Le Blon. In any event, it was d'Agoty and his sons who popularized the process of color engraving in France. For many years, they published a journal with color illustrations. He was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon. He is best remembered for collaborating with the physician and anatomist, Guichard Joseph Duverney to produce albums of anatomical charts: the ''Myologie com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vincent Van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade, he created approximately 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. His oeuvre includes Trees and Undergrowth (Van Gogh series), landscapes, Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris), still lifes, Portraits by Vincent van Gogh, portraits, and Portraits of Vincent van Gogh, self-portraits, most of which are characterised by bold colours and dramatic Paintwork, brushwork that contributed to the rise of expressionism in modern art. Van Gogh's work was only beginning to gain critical attention before he died from a self-inflicted gunshot at age 37. During his lifetime, only one of Van Gogh's paintings, ''The Red Vineyard'', was sold. Born into an upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, qui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academy Of Art University
The Academy of Art University (AAU, or ART U), formerly Academy of Art College and Richard Stephens Academy of Art, is a private for-profit art school in San Francisco, California. It was founded as the Academy of Advertising Art by Richard S. Stephens in 1929. The school is one of the largest property owners in San Francisco, with the main campus located on New Montgomery Street in the South of Market district. In fall 2024, it had 121 full-time teachers, 485 part-time teaching staff, and 6,320 students; it claims to be the largest privately owned art and design school in the United States. History It was founded in 1929 as ''Académie of Advertising Art'', a school for advertising art, at 215 Kearny Street. The founder, Richard S. Stephens, a painter and editor for Sunset Magazine, led it until 1951 when his son Richard A. Stephens took over. In 1992, Stephens was replaced by his daughter, Elisa Stephens. Under her presidency, student numbers increased to 18,000 by 2011. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pennsylvania Academy Of The Fine Arts
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA) is a museum and private art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1805, it is the longest continuously operating art museum and art school in the United States. The academy's museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th- and 20th-century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, and art training. It offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, certificate programs, and continuing education. Beginning in 2025, the academy will cease offering degrees except bachelor's degrees in conjunction with the University of Pennsylvania. History 19th century The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts was founded in 1805 by painter and scientist Charles Willson Peale, sculptor William Rush, and other artists and business leaders. Its first building on Chestnut and 10th Streets in Center City Philadelphia was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Central Academy Of Art
The Grand Central Atelier is an art school in the Long Island City neighborhood of the borough of Queens in New York City. Founded in 2006 by New York artist Jacob Collins, the school focuses on training artists in the classical art tradition. See also * List of art schools The following is a list of notable art schools. Accredited non-profit art and design colleges * Adelaide Central School of Art * Alberta College of Art and Design * Art Academy of Cincinnati * Art Center College of Design * The Art Institute of ... References External links * Educational institutions established in 2006 2006 establishments in New York City Art schools in New York City Universities and colleges in Queens, New York {{QueensNY-school-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Art Students League Of New York
The Art Students League of New York is an art school in the American Fine Arts Society in Manhattan, New York City. The Arts Students League is known for its broad appeal to both amateurs and professional artists. Although artists may study full-time, there have never been any degree programs or grades, and this informal attitude pervades the culture of the school. From the 19th century to the present, the League has counted among its attendees and instructors many historically important artists, and contributed to numerous influential schools and movements in the art world. The League also maintains a significant permanent collection of student and faculty work, and publishes an online journal of writing on art-related topics, called LINEA. The journal's name refers to the school's motto '' Nulla Dies Sine Linea'' or "No Day Without a Line", traditionally attributed to the Greek painter Apelles by the historian Pliny the Elder, who recorded that Apelles would not let a day pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York Academy Of Art
The New York Academy of Art is a private art university in the Tribeca neighborhood of New York City. The academy offers a Master of Fine Arts degree with a focus on technical training and critical discourse, as well as a post-baccalaureate Certificate of Fine Art. The school annually hosts two public events: the TriBeCa Ball and the fund-raising auction Take Home a Nude at Sotheby’s Auction House in New York, both known to attract high-profile guests. History Early years In the late 1970s, a group of realist New York artists including Jack Beal, Alfred Leslie, Rafael Soyer, and Milet Andrejevic, recognized a need for arts instruction grounded in the teaching of traditional skills. The early school, then known as the New York Drawing Association, began instruction in 1980 in a rented basement space at the Middle Collegiate Church on the Lower East Side, with New York businessman and art collector Stuart Pivar providing key financial support. According to sculptor Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simulation In Healthcare
The Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH), formerly known as the Society for Medical Simulation is a non-profit organization founded in 2004 to advance the application of medical simulation in healthcare. It serves as a resource for young professionals in their growth in medical education and administration. History The society was formed was founded as a nonprofit organization in 2004. The society formally changed its name in February 2006 to the Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH) in an attempt to increase appeal to non-physician healthcare providers. By the end of 2006, membership in the organization was just over 1,500 people. Membership continued to steadily grow to be over 3,000 people by 2012. Annual meeting The first annual International Meeting on Medical Simulation (IMMS) was held in 1995. The SSH has wholly supported the meeting since 2006. In 2007, the IMMS meeting was renamed to become International Meeting for Simulation in Healthcare (IMSH). Simula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
