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VR (formally VR Group) is a government-owned railway company in Finland. VR was created in 1995.

VR was formerly known as Suomen Valtion Rautatiet (Finnish State Railways) from 1862 to 1922 and Valtionrautatiet/Statsjärnvägarna (State Railways) from 1922 to 1995. VR's most important function is the operation of Finland's passenger rail services.

History

Main article: History of rail transport in Finland

Rail transport started in Finland in 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, and multiple main lines and smaller private railways were built in the following decades. VR mainly operated on the high-demand main lines. During the twentieth century, most private railway companies were shut down and VR assumed a monopoly in rail transport. In 1995 the company was privatised into VR Group.

Since 2010, the maintenance and the construction of the railway network have been the responsibility of the Finnish Transport Agency (Finnish: Liikennevirasto). The operation and network were originally carried out by the parent company Valtionrautatiet until 1995, when it was split into VR and the rail administration entity Ratahallintokeskus.

Organization

Companies in the group provide road freight and bus services, catering and real estate management, and provide data, technological, and telecommunications services for the transport and logistics sectors. The group owns a bus company, Pohjolan Liikenne, and a road freight haulage company VR Transpoint.

Altogether the group of companies includes 21 companies employing a total of about 14,400 people.

Services

Main article: Rail transport in Finland

Because in most parts of Finland the density of population is low, Finland is not optimally suited for railways. Commuter services are nowadays rare outside the Helsinki area, but express trains interconnect most cities. As in France, the majority of passenger services are connections to the capital, Helsinki. VR provides car transport services. Seven stations allow loading and unloading of cars on trains: Helsinki, Turku and Tampere in the south, Oulu further north, and Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi and Kolari in Lapland. Car transport trains stop at other stations along the way for normal passenger transport. Finland is the only Nordic country to offer car transport on trains. However, car transport on trains is available on many European countries outside the Nordic countries.[2]

Helsinki commuter rail

Main article: Helsinki commuter rail

VR operates the commuter traffic in the Helsinki area on behalf of HSL.

The Allegro is used between Helsinki and Saint Petersburg

International services

There is an international passenger rail service from Finland to Russia. As of June 2011, there are four Allegro passenger trains per day to Saint Petersburg and one overnight train to Moscow via Saint Petersburg called the Tolstoi (named after Leo Tolstoy).[3] On 29 May 2011, Allegro traffic increased from two to four trains per day in each direction.[4] The tracks on the Helsinki – Saint Petersburg line were upgraded to enable a higher running speed before the Allegro started its service.[5]

Freight

Domestic and international freight services are provided by VR Transpoint, part of VR. In 2009, both domestic and international freight traffic declined, which worsened VR's financial position.[6] International freight traffic is concentrated to the four railways across the Russian border, but there is also a connection to the Swedish rail network in Tornio and rail ferry connections from Turku to Stockholm, Sweden, and to Travemünde, Germany.

Rolling stock

VR class Sr2 electric locomotive at Turku railway station.
A modernised and recoloured diesel locomotive pulls a regional train to Varkaus railway station in 2011.

Locomotives

Main article: List of Finnish locomotives

VR operated steam locomotives until 1975. Although the regular use of steam traction for scheduled passenger services ended in 1970, occasional use continued until 1975. As of 2011, the company operates two classes of electric locomotives (Sr1 and Sr2) and three classes of diesel locomotives (Dv12, Dr14 and Dr16). The use of diesel locomotive hauled passenger trains has declined due to electrification of all main lines and the (re)introduction of railbuses (Dm12) on secondary routes. In October 2010, VR announced plans to renew its locomotive fleet by ordering around 200 new locomotives, which are expected to enter service in 2015–25.[7]

The Siemens Vectron has been chosen as the Class Sr3 electric locomotive.

On 20 December 2013, VR announced plans to purchase 80 new electric locomotives, with 97 options. This upcoming Sr3 will be based on the Siemens Vectron and will replace the aging Sr1's. The locomotives will be fitted with helper diesel engines that can be used for shunting in partly unelectrified railyards. Deliveries will occur between 2017 and 2026.[8][9]

Locomotive classification system

Preserved Vr2 class steam locomotive at Joensuu station.

At the beginning of traffic, locomotives were distinguished by their names, and by 1865 also by their numbers.[10] In 1887, the locomotives were given their original classification system. It was based on the wheel arrangement of the locomotives: each wheel arrangement was assigned a letter of the alphabet, which was followed by a serial number.[11] The assignment of letters to different wheel arrangements was made when the first locomotive using it was brought into service; the letter A signified a 4-4-0 wheelbase in the Whyte notation, B signified a 0-4-2ST locomotive, C a 0-6-0 locomotive, and so on.[12]

On 8 October 1942, the notation system was changed to two letters and a serial number. The first letter in the designation now signified the types of trains the locomotive was generally planned to haul:[13]

The second small letter indicated the weight of the locomotive:[13]

  • r (raskas) = heavy (axle load over 14,1 t)
  • v (väliraskas) = midweight (axle load 11,1–14 t)
  • k (kevyt) = light (axle load under 11 t)
  • m = mechanical transmission (in multiple units)
  • s (sähkö 'electric(ity)') = electrical transmission (in multiple units).

When diesel locomotives were taken into service in the 1950s, they were additionally differentiated by the steam locomotive classes by beginning their numbering from 11 instead of the next free number in running order. As a result, the last steam-powered heavy passenger locomotive class was designated Hr3, and its first diesel-powered counterpart Hr11.[12]

The current VR locomotive classification system was taken into use on 1 January 1976. The first (capital) letter was now used to differentiate between locomotive types: S (sähkö) for electric, D for diesel and T (työkone) for maintenance equipment. The serial numbers of diesel locomotive classes were not changed, the Hr11 class becoming Dr11. In addition to this the borderline between midweight and heavy locomotives was changed to 15.1 tons and the second letter in multiple units is always m (for moottorivaunu).[12]

Locomotive types in use by the VR
Class No. in use Years of manufacture Max. speed Power type Notes
Sr1 109 1973–85 (1996) 140 km/h Electric some originally had a maximum speed of 160 km/h
Sr2 46 1995–2003 210 km/h Electric
Sr3 8 2016- 200 km/h Electric
Dv12 180 1963–84 125 km/h Diesel-hydraulic pre-1976 classes: Sv12 & Sr12
Dr14 24 1968–71 75 km/h Diesel-hydraulic pre-1976 class: Vr12
Dr16 18 1985–92 140 km/h Diesel-electric 3-phase AC inverter drive
Notable locomotive types formerly used by VR
Class No. built Years in use Wheel arrangement Max. speed Power type Notes
Tv1 (K3) 148 1917–74 2-8-0 60 km/h Steam 142 locomotives were built for the VR and 6 for the Latvian Railways.
Tk3 (K5) 161 1927–75 2-8-0 60 km/h Steam most numerous steam locomotive class in Finland.
Hr1 (P1) 22 1937–74 4-6-2 110 km/h Steam last Pacific-type locomotives in everyday use in Europe outside the Eastern Bloc.[14]
Tr1 (R1) 67 1940–75 2-8-2 80 km/h Steam
Dr12 (Hr12) 42 1959–90 Co-Co 120 km/h Diesel
Dr13 (Hr13) 54 1963–2000 Co-Co 140 km/h Diesel

Carriages

Class Edo control cars are used on select routes (here seen at Pasila railway station).
Interior view of the top deck of a VR InterCity2 double-deck carriage.

The wide Finnish loading gauge allows the passenger coaches to be considerably wider than most European passenger coaches. The aisle and seats are wider than in other European trains in the standard 2+2 configuration, and in commuter traffic 3+2 seat configuration is used to allow more seats for the same train length. The last wooden-bodied carriages were withdrawn by the mid-1980s. Prior to the 1970s these had been the mainstay of VR's passenger rolling stock.

VR has four types of locomotive hauled passenger coaches:

  • "Blue" carriages—popularly known as such due to their blue and light gray liveries. Once the mainstay of VR's network, they have now been replaced on most long distance services starting from Helsinki. They are still used on slower routes, for example between Turku and Tampere, and some regional train services. Top speed is 140 or 160 km/h.
  • "Red" carriages—similar to the "blue" coaches but designed for commuter traffic, with a red and light gray livery, different seat layout and repositioned entrance doors. They are mainly used for locomotive-hauled commuter services to and from Helsinki during rush hours, but also on special occasions in place of the blue carriages in long-distance services. Top speed is 160 km/h after modernisation.
  • Single-deck InterCity carriages—used on many routes. Top speed is 160 km/h.
  • Double-deck InterCity 2 carriages—extensively used on the Helsinki–Kouvola, Helsinki–Tampere and Helsinki–Turku routes.[needs update] Most long distance trains consist of both InterCity and InterCity 2 coaches. Built in Finland by Transtech Oy, these are VR's most modern carriages. Their top speed is 200 km/h.

In addition to these, VR has ordered 12+13 Class Edo control cars from Transtech, eight of which have been in regular passenger traffic since 29 October 2013.[15] The cars are used in IC2 connections with the Sr2 and the upcoming Sr3 locomotives pushing the train.

First class carriages used to be distinguished by a yellow stripe above the windows. On the "Blue" carriages, restaurant cars are marked by a red stripe above the windows. Cars equipped with diesel generators, which are used to provide electricity to InterCity or sleeper wagons on non-electrified tracks, can be distinguished by a blue stripe above the windows.

Sleeper cars

VR operates sleeper services between Helsinki and Turku and Lapland, which also include car-carrying (motorail) wagons. Double-deck sleeping carriages (including rooms with en suite showers and toilets) were introduced on the Helsinki–Rovaniemi service in the 2000s. These wagons are painted in a red-and-white livery similar to the InterCity coaches. Other overnight services (Turku–Rovaniemi and Helsinki–Kolari) are operated by older "blue" sleeper carriages.

Electrification extends from Oulu northwards to Rovaniemi, and as of 2013 is being extended north to Kemijärvi.[16] In 2006, direct sleeper services were discontinued beyond Rovaniemi (to Kemijärvi) because the new double-deck sleeping carriages were unable to operate with diesel haulage. The sleeper service to Kemijärvi was restarted in March 2008, by adding to the train in Rovaniemi a new diesel generator car supplying 1,500 V electricity for the sleeper cars between Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi; this setup will continue in use until the electrification extension to Kemijärvi is completed at the end of 2013. Sleeper services between Turku and Joensuu and Helsinki and Kajaani were withdrawn in 2006, but with the new direct line between Lahti and Kerava, the daytime services were made quicker.

On 12 January 2009, VR announced they had requested tenders for the purchase of 20 new sleeping cars, valued at 60–70 million euros. The two bidders interested were Alstom, which manufactures the Pendolino and some commuter trains for VR, and Finnish Transtech, which manufactured VR's new sleeping cars. The decision led to the resignation of the President and CEO of VR-Group, Henri Kuitunen, and the group’s Chairman of the Board, Antti Lagerroos. Helsingin Sanomat reported they had wanted to defer the replacement of older sleeping car rolling stock until 2012 at the earliest. However, the decision went ahead because VR is a state owned business and there was pressure to seek orders from Finnish Transtech, which is currently struggling due to market downturns, in order to secure jobs.[17]

Freight wagons

For the complete list of Finnish freight wagon types, see List of Finnish railway freight wagon types.

The Finnish loading gauge allows the operation of freight vehicles considerably larger than most other railways in the European Union. Road trailers (often of VR's subsidiary Transpoint) can be easily accommodated on ordinary flat wagons. Much of the freight on the VR network is carried from Russia in Russian wagons, including large capacity eight-axle oil tank wagons.

VR also has a one-third ownership of SeaRail, a specialist operator of freight wagons designed for through running (via ferry) to Sweden and elsewhere in Western Europe.

Multiple units

VR class Sm4 EMU at Helsinki railway station.
JKOY class Sm5 local train at Riihimäki.

The Sm3 class Pendolino is the VR's "flagship", mainly connecting largest cities to the capital. Other EMUs in use are the Sm1, Sm2 and Sm4 in Helsinki area commuter services. In addition, VR operates Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy -owned Sm5 class EMUs in Helsinki local traffic and Sm6 Allegro under a joint venture of VR and the Russian railways, Karelian Trains, between Helsinki and Saint Petersburg.

VR currently operates one class of diesel-powered multiple units: the Czech-built single carriage Dm12, which is used mainly on secondary lines.

Multiple units in use by the VR
Class No. in use Years of manufacture Max. speed Notes
Sm1 20 1968–73 120 km/h EMU consists of an Sm1 car and an Eio class car
Sm2 50 1975–81 120 km/h EMU consists of an Sm2 car and an Eioc class car
Sm3 18 sets 1995–2006 220 km/h Tilting high-speed Pendolino train. Runs on domestic routes.
Sm4 60 (30 sets) 1998–2005 160 km/h EMU consists of two Sm4 units
Sm5 81 2008-2017 160 km/h EMU consists of one four-section Sm5 unit. 41 Sm5 units are owned by Junakalusto Oy and are operated by VR.[18] They will be operated also on Kehärata which will be completed in 2014. On September 10 Helsinki Regional Transport Authority announced the order for 34 additional units. By the end of 2017 there will be 75 Sm5 trains in service.[19]
Sm6 4 2010–11 220 km/h Tilting high-speed Pendolino train. Services began in December 2010. Branded Allegro.[3]
Dm12 16 2004–06 120 km/h Single carriage diesel units

Multiple unit classification system

The multiple unit classification system follows a similar logic as the locomotive classification system: the first letter signifies the power source (in addition to electric and diesel, gasoline (B, bensiini) and wood gas (P, puukaasu) have been used), followed by the letter m (moottorivaunu) signifyng a multiple unit, followed by a serial number.

Livery

VR has used several liveries in the past. When InterCity traffic started during the 1980s, VR's colour scheme was changed into red and white. In 2009, VR changed its corporate colour to green[20] and is currently (as of May 2011) repainting most of its rolling stock.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lines are marked in green for freight and passenger routes, brown for freight routes and grey for routes no longer in use.
  2. ^ SJ.se - ett Bra Miljöval - Bra att veta, Swedish Railways (SJ.se). Accessed 29 November 2012.
  3. ^ a b "Allegro launch cuts Helsinki - St Petersburg journey times". Railway Gazette International. 13 December 2010. 
  4. ^ "Timetables". VR Group. Retrieved 3 May 2011. 
  5. ^ "Rataosan Lahti-Luumäki palvelutason parantaminen" (PDF). Finnish Rail Administration. 29 October 2008. 
  6. ^ "VR restructuring for growth". www.X-Rail.net. Retrieved 9 November 2010. 
  7. ^ "VR plans locomotive fleet renewal". Railway Gazette International. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 
  8. ^ "VR Group tilaa uudet sähköveturit Siemensiltä" (in Finnish). VR Group. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013. 
  9. ^ Koponen, Jarmo (20 December 2013). "Sähkökatko ei pysäytä VR:n uusia sähkövetureita – apumoottoreina dieselkoneet". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 22 December 2013. 
  10. ^ Alameri 1979, p. 31.
  11. ^ Alameri 1979, pp. 31–32.
  12. ^ a b c "Rautatie-UKK" (in Finnish). Resiina. Section 2.1.23. Retrieved 27 April 2011. 
  13. ^ a b Alameri 1979, p. 32.
  14. ^ Salo, Kari (1987). "Hr1 - The Finnish Pacific". Resiina. Museorautatieyhdistys ry, Suomen Rautatiehistoriallinen Seura ry (2). 
  15. ^ "Uudet ohjausvaunut aloittaneet matkustajaliikenteessä" (in Finnish). VR Group. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013. 
  16. ^ "Electrification of the railway between Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi". Finnish Transport Agency. Retrieved 6 January 2013. 
  17. ^ "Transtech and Alstom interested in construction of rail carriages for Finnish Railways". Helsingin Sanomat. 12 January 2009. 
  18. ^ "Electric low-floor multiple unit FLIRT: Sm5 trains for Junakalusto Oy, Finland" (PDF). Stadler Rail. Retrieved 12 November 2008. 
  19. ^ 34 new Flirt trains for commuter train service September 10, 2014
  20. ^ "VR switches to green corporate visual identity". VR group. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2011. 

Literature

  • Alameri, Mikko (1979). Suomen rautatiet (in Finnish and German). Verlag Josef Otto Slezak. ISBN 3-900134-52-9. 

External links

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