Russian inventions
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This timeline of Russian Innovation encompasses key events in the
history of technology The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques and is one of the categories of world history. Technology can refer to methods ranging from as simple as stone tools to the complex genetic engineering and info ...
in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, from the
Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
up to the
Russian Federation Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories: * indigenous inventions, like
airliner An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an ...
s, AC transformers,
radio receiver In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver, a wireless, or simply a radio, is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. Th ...
s,
television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...
, artificial
satellite A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have an electricity generation system for equipment on board, such as solar panels or radioisotope ...
s,
ICBM An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than , primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads). Conventional, chemical, and biological weapons c ...
s * uniquely Russian products, objects and events, like
Saint Basil's Cathedral The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed ( rus, Собо́р Васи́лия Блаже́нного, Sobór Vasíliya Blazhénnogo), commonly known as Saint Basil's Cathedral, is an Orthodox church in Red Square of Moscow, and is one of the most pop ...
,
Matryoshka doll Matryoshka dolls ( ; rus, матрёшка, p=mɐˈtrʲɵʂkə, a=Ru-матрёшка.ogg), also known as stacking dolls, nesting dolls, Russian tea dolls, or Russian dolls, are a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside ano ...
s,
Russian vodka Vodka ( pl, wódka , russian: водка , sv, vodka ) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage. Different varieties originated in Poland, Russia, and Sweden. Vodka is composed mainly of water and ethanol but sometimes with traces of impuriti ...
* products and objects with superlative characteristics, like the
Tsar Bomba The Tsar Bomba () ( code name: ''Ivan'' or ''Vanya''), also known by the alphanumerical designation "AN602", was a thermonuclear aerial bomb, and the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created and tested. Overall, the Soviet physicist Andrei Sa ...
, the
AK-47 The AK-47, officially known as the ''Avtomat Kalashnikova'' (; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is a gas operated, gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian s ...
, and the
Typhoon-class submarine The Typhoon class, Soviet designation Project 941 ''Akula'' (russian: Акула, meaning "shark", NATO reporting name Typhoon), is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet ...
* scientific and medical discoveries, like the
periodic law Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element. They were discovered by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in the year 1863. Major periodic trends include atom ...
,
vitamins A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrien ...
and
stem cells In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type o ...
This timeline includes scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved internationally may also appear in this timeline in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.


Kievan Rus'


10th century

;Architecture :The earliest Kievan churches were built and decorated with frescoes and mosaics by Byzantine masters. The great churches of Kievan Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood, while major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes. The 10th-century
Church of the Tithes The Church of the Tithes or Church of the Dormition of the Virgin ( uk, Десятинна Церква, ) was the first stone church in Kyiv.Mariya Lesiv, ''The Return of Ancestral Gods: Modern Ukrainian Paganism as an Alternative Vision for a ...
in Kiev was the first to be made of stone. ;
Kokoshnik The kokoshnik ( rus, коко́шник, p=kɐˈkoʂnʲɪk) is a traditional Russian headdress worn by women and girls to accompany the sarafan. The kokoshnik tradition has existed since the 10th century in the ancient Russian city Veliky Novgo ...
: The kokoshnik is a traditional Russian head-dress for women. It is patterned to match the style of the
sarafan A sarafan ( rus, сарафа́н, p=sərɐˈfan, from fa, سراپا ''sarāpā'', literally "romhead to feet") is a long, trapezoidal Russian jumper dress (pinafore dress) worn by girls and women and forming part of Russian traditional folk ...
and can be pointed or round. It is tied at the back of the head with long thick ribbons in a large bow. The forehead is sometimes decorated with pearls or other jewelry. The word ''kokoshnik'' appeared in the 16th century, however the earliest head-dress pieces of a similar type were found in the 10th to 12th century burials in
Veliky Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ol ...
. It was worn by girls and women on special occasions until the
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
, and was subsequently introduced into Western
fashion Fashion is a form of self-expression and autonomy at a particular period and place and in a specific context, of clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture. The term implies a look defined by the fashion in ...
by Russian
émigré An ''émigré'' () is a person who has emigrated, often with a connotation of political or social self-exile. The word is the past participle of the French ''émigrer'', "to emigrate". French Huguenots Many French Huguenots fled France followi ...
s. ;
Kvass Kvass is a fermented cereal-based Alcohol by volume, low alcoholic beverage with a slightly cloudy appearance, light-brown colour and sweet-sour taste. It may be flavoured with berries, fruits, herbs or honey. Kvass stems from the northeastern ...
/
Okroshka Okróshka (russian: окро́шка) is a cold soup of Russian origin and probably originated in the Volga region. The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers, radishes and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, cooked m ...
: ''Kvass'' or ''kvas'', sometimes called in English a "bread drink", is a
fermented Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food ...
beverage made from black
rye Rye (''Secale cereale'') is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to both wheat (''Triticum'') and barley (genus ''Hordeum''). Rye grain is u ...
or rye
bread Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diet. It is one of the oldest human-made f ...
, which contributes to its light or dark colour. By the content of
alcohol Alcohol most commonly refers to: * Alcohol (chemistry), an organic compound in which a hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon atom * Alcohol (drug), an intoxicant found in alcoholic drinks Alcohol may also refer to: Chemicals * Ethanol, one of sev ...
resulted from fermentation, it is classified as non-alcoholic: up to 1.2% of alcohol, which is so low that it is considered acceptable for consumption by children. While the early low-alcoholic prototypes of kvass were known in some ancient civilizations, its modern, almost non-alcoholic form originated in
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
. Kvass was first mentioned in the Russian
Primary Chronicle The ''Tale of Bygone Years'' ( orv, Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, translit=Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ; ; ; ; ), often known in English as the ''Rus' Primary Chronicle'', the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', or simply the ...
, which tells how Prince
Vladimir the Great Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych ( orv, Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, ''Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь'';, ''Uladzimir'', russian: Владимир, ''Vladimir'', uk, Володимир, ''Volodymyr''. Se ...
gave kvass among other beverages to the people, while celebrating the
Christianization of Kievan Rus' Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...
. Kvass is also known as a main ingredient in
okroshka Okróshka (russian: окро́шка) is a cold soup of Russian origin and probably originated in the Volga region. The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers, radishes and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, cooked m ...
, a Russian cold soup. ; Multidomed church : The multidomed church is a typical form of Russian church architecture, which distinguishes Russia from other Eastern Orthodox nations and Christian denominations. Indeed, the earliest Russian churches built just after the
Christianization of Kievan Rus' Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...
, were multi-domed, which led some historians to speculate what Russian pre-Christian pagan temples might have looked like. Namely, these early churches were 13-domed wooden
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (the Holy Wisdom, Holy Wisdom of God) in Veliky Novgorod is the cathedral church of the Archbishop of Novgorod, Metropolitan of Novgorod and the mother church of the Novgorodian Eparchy. History The 38-metre-high, fiv ...
(989) and 25-domed stone
Desyatinnaya Church The Church of the Tithes or Church of the Dormition of the Virgin ( uk, Десятинна Церква, ) was the first stone church (building), church in Kyiv.Mariya Lesiv, ''The Return of Ancestral Gods: Modern Ukrainian Paganism as an Alter ...
in
Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...
(989–996). The number of domes typically has a symbolical meaning in
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...
, for example 13 domes symbolize
Christ Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, names and titles), was ...
with 12
Apostles An apostle (), in its literal sense, is an emissary, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστολος (''apóstolos''), literally "one who is sent off", from the verb ἀποστέλλειν (''apostéllein''), "to send off". The purpose of such sending ...
, while 25 domes mean the same with additional 12 Prophets from the
Old Testament The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...
. Multiple domes of Russian churches were often made of wood and were comparatively smaller than the
Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
domes. ;
Kissel Kissel or kisel ( et, kissell, fi, kiisseli, Livonian: ''kīsõl'', ltg, keiseļs, lv, ķīselis, lt, kisielius, pl, kisiel, rus, кисель, r=kiselʼ, uk, кисiль, , , ) is a cold-solidified dish with the consistency of a thick ge ...
: ''Kissel'' or ''kisel'' is a dessert that consists of sweetened juice, typically that of berries, thickened with
oat The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals). While oats are suitable for human con ...
s,
cornstarch Corn starch, maize starch, or cornflour (British English) is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain. The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel. Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or soups, ...
or
potato starch Potato starch is starch extracted from potatoes. The cells of the root tubers of the potato plant contain leucoplasts (starch grains). To extract the starch, the potatoes are crushed, and the starch grains are released from the destroyed cells. Th ...
, with
red wine Red wine is a type of wine made from dark-colored grape varieties. The color of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines. The juice from most purple grap ...
or
dried fruit Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to th ...
s added sometimes. The dessert can be served either hot or cold, and if made using less thickening starch it can be consumed as a beverage, which is common in Russia. Kissel was mentioned for the first time in the
Primary Chronicle The ''Tale of Bygone Years'' ( orv, Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, translit=Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ; ; ; ; ), often known in English as the ''Rus' Primary Chronicle'', the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', or simply the ...
, where it forms part of the story of how a besieged Russian city was saved from nomadic
Pechenegs The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks tr, Peçenek(ler), Middle Turkic: , ro, Pecenegi, russian: Печенег(и), uk, Печеніг(и), hu, Besenyő(k), gr, Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, ka, პა ...
.


11th century

;
Birch bark document Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper. Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and in various ...
: A birch bark document is a document written on pieces of
birch bark Birch bark or birchbark is the bark of several Eurasian and North American birch trees of the genus ''Betula''. The strong and water-resistant cardboard-like bark can be easily cut, bent, and sewn, which has made it a valuable building, crafti ...
. This form of writing material was developed independently by several ancient cultures. In Rus' the usage of the specially prepared birch bark as a cheap replacement for pergament or
paper Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed ...
became widespread soon after the
Christianization Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...
of the country. The earliest Russian birch bark documents (likely written in the first quarter of the 11th century) have been found in
Veliky Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ol ...
. In total, more than 1000 such documents have been discovered, most of them in Novgorod and the rest in other ancient cities in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
,
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
and
Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...
. Many birch bark documents were written by common people rather than by clergy or nobility. This fact led some historians to suggest that before the
Mongol invasion of Rus' The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous southern cities, including the largest cities, Kiev (50,000 inhabitants) and Chernihiv (30,000 inhabitants), with the only major cities escaping destr ...
the level of
literacy Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, huma ...
in the country might have been considerably higher than in contemporary
Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...
. ; Koch /
Icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
: The ''koch'' was an ancient form of
icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
, being a special type of one or two small wooden
sailing ship A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships c ...
s with a mast, used for voyages in the icy conditions of the
Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
seas and
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
n rivers. The koch was developed by the
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n
Pomors Pomors or Pomory ( rus, помо́ры, p=pɐˈmorɨ, ''seasiders'') are an ethnographic group descended from Russian settlers, primarily from Veliky Novgorod, living on the White Sea coasts and the territory whose southern border lies on a wa ...
in the 11th century, when they started settling on the
White Sea The White Sea (russian: Белое море, ''Béloye móre''; Karelian and fi, Vienanmeri, lit. Dvina Sea; yrk, Сэрако ямʼ, ''Serako yam'') is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is su ...
shores. The koch's hull was protected by a belt of ice-floe resistant flush skin-planking (made of
oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...
or
larch Larches are deciduous conifers in the genus ''Larix'', of the family Pinaceae (subfamily Laricoideae). Growing from tall, they are native to much of the cooler temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the north and high on mountains furt ...
) along the variable water-line, and had a false keel for on-ice
portage Portage or portaging (Canada: ; ) is the practice of carrying water craft or cargo over land, either around an obstacle in a river, or between two bodies of water. A path where items are regularly carried between bodies of water is also called a ...
. If a koch was in danger of being trapped in the ice-fields, its rounded bodylines below the surface would allow for the ship to be pushed up out of the water and onto the ice with no damage. In the 19th century similar protective features were adopted to modern
icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
s. ;
Gudok The gudok (, russian: гудок), gudochek (, russian: гудочек) is an ancient Eastern Slavic string musical instrument, played with a bow.
: The gudok is an ancient East Slavic
string String or strings may refer to: *String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Strings'' (1991 film), a Canadian anim ...
musical instrument A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who pl ...
, played with a bow. It usually had three strings, two of them tuned in
unison In music, unison is two or more musical parts that sound either the same pitch or pitches separated by intervals of one or more octaves, usually at the same time. ''Rhythmic unison'' is another term for homorhythm. Definition Unison or per ...
and played as a drone, the third tuned a fifth higher. All three strings were in the same plane at the bridge, so that a bow could make them all sound at the same time. Sometimes the gudok also had several
sympathetic strings Sympathetic strings or resonance strings are auxiliary strings found on many Indian musical instruments, as well as some Western Baroque instruments and a variety of folk instruments. They are typically not played directly by the performer (excep ...
(up to eight) under the
sounding board A sounding board, also known as a tester and abat-voix is a structure placed above and sometimes also behind a pulpit or other speaking platform that helps to project the sound of the speaker. It is usually made of wood. The structure may be spe ...
. These made the gudok's sound warm and rich. It was also possible to play while standing or dancing, which made it popular among
skomorokh A skomorokh ( in Russian, in Old East Slavic, in Church Slavonic. Compare with the Old Polish , ) was a medieval East Slavic harlequin, or actor, who could also sing, dance, play musical instruments and compose for oral/musical and dramatic pe ...
s. The name ''gudok'' comes from the 17th century, however the same type of instrument existed from 11th to 16th century, but was called ''smyk''. ;
Medovukha Medovukha ( rus, медову́ха, medovúxa, mʲɪdɐˈvuxə; uk, меду́ха, medúxa, ; be, мяду́ха, медаву́ха, miadúxa, miedavúxa, , ) is a Slavic honey-based alcoholic beverage very similar to mead, but it is mad ...
: ''Medovukha'' is an old Slavic
honey Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primar ...
-based alcoholic beverage very similar to
mead Mead () is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting honey mixed with water, and sometimes with added ingredients such as fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content ranges from about 3.5% ABV to more than 20%. The defining character ...
, but much cheaper and faster to make. Since the old times the Slavs exported the
fermented Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food ...
mead as a luxury product to Europe in huge quantities. Fermentation occurs naturally over 15 to 50 years, originally rendering the product very expensive and only accessible to the
nobility Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy (class), aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below Royal family, royalty. Nobility has often been an Estates of the realm, estate of the realm with many e ...
. However, in the 11th century East Slavs found that fermentation occurred much faster when the honey mixture was heated, enabling medovukha to become a commonly available drink in the territory of Rus'. In the 14th century, the invention of
distillation Distillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separation process, separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation, usually inside an apparatus known as a still. Dry distilla ...
made it possible to create a prototype of the modern medovukha, however
vodka Vodka ( pl, wódka , russian: водка , sv, vodka ) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage. Different varieties originated in Poland, Russia, and Sweden. Vodka is composed mainly of water and ethanol but sometimes with traces of impuritie ...
was invented at the same time and gradually surpassed medovukha in popularity. ;1048
Russian fist fighting Russian boxing (russian: Кулачный бой, Kulachniy Boy, fist fighting, pugilism) is the traditional bare-knuckle boxing of Rus' and then Russia. Boxers will often train by punching buckets of sand to strengthen bones, and prepare minutes ...
: Russian fist fighting is an ancient
Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
combat sport A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat. In many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, submitting the opponent with a hold, disabling the oppon ...
, similar to modern
boxing Boxing (also known as "Western boxing" or "pugilism") is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined ...
. However, it features some indigenous techniques and often fought in collective events called ''Stenka na Stenku'' ("Wall against Wall"). It has existed since the times of
Kievan Rus' Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of ...
, first mentioned in the
Primary Chronicle The ''Tale of Bygone Years'' ( orv, Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, translit=Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ; ; ; ; ), often known in English as the ''Rus' Primary Chronicle'', the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', or simply the ...
in the year 1048. The government and the
Russian Orthodox Church , native_name_lang = ru , image = Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg , imagewidth = , alt = , caption = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia , abbreviation = ROC , type ...
often tried to prohibit the fights; however, fist fighting remained popular until the 19th century, while in the 20th century some of the old techniques were adopted for the modern
Russian martial arts There are a number of martial arts styles and schools of Russian origin. Traditional Russian fist fighting has existed since the 1st millennium AD. It was outlawed in the Russian Empire in 1832. However, it has seen a resurgence after the break-up ...
.


12th century

;
Pernach A pernach (russian: перна́ч, uk, перна́ч or , pl, piernacz) is a type of mace (bludgeon), flanged mace originating in the 12th century in the region of Kievan Rus' and later widely used throughout Europe. The name comes from the S ...
: The ''pernach'' is a type of flanged mace developed since the 12th century in the region of
Kievan Rus' Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of ...
and later widely used throughout
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. The name comes from the Russian word ''перо'' (''pero'') meaning feather, reflecting the form of pernach that resembled an arrow with fletching. The most popular variety of pernach had six flanges and was called ''shestopyor'' (from Russian ''shest'' and ''pero'', that is ''six-feathered''). Pernach was the first form of the flanged mace to find wide usage. It was perfectly suited to defeat plate armour and plate mail. In later times it was often used as a symbol of power by military leaders in
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
. ;Shashka : The shashka is a special kind of sabre, a very sharp, single-edged, single-handed, and Hilt, guardless sword. In appearance, the shashka is midway between a full sabre and a straight sword. It has a slightly curved blade, and could be effective for both slashing and thrusting. Originally the shashka was developed in the 12th century by Circassians in the Northern Caucasus. These lands were integrated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century. By that time shashka was adopted as their main cold weapon by Russian Cossacks. ;Treshchotka : The ''treshchotka'', sometimes referred in plural as ''treshchotki'', is a Ethnic Russian music, Russian folk music idiophone instrument which is used to imitate hand clapping. Basically it is a set of small boards on a string that get clapped together as a group. There are no known documents confirming the usage of the treshchotka in ancient Russia, however, the remnants of what might have been the earliest 12th-century treshchotka were recently found in Novgorod. ;1149 bear spear : The bear spear or ''rogatina'' was a medieval type of spear used in bear hunting and also to hunt other large animals, like wisents and war horses. The sharpened head of a bear spear was enlarged and usually had the form of a bay leaf. Right under the head there was a short crosspiece that helped to fix the spear in the body of an animal. Often it was placed against the ground on its rear point, which made it easier to absorb the impact of the attacking beast. The Russian chronicles first mention rogatina as a military weapon in the year 1149, and as a hunting weapon in the year 1255.


13th century

;Sokha : The sokha is a light wooden plough which could be pulled by one horse. Its origin was in northern
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, most likely in the Novgorod Republic, where it was used as early as in the 13th century. A characteristic feature of sokha construction is the bifurcated plowing tip (рассоха), so that a sokha has two plowshares, later made of metal, which cut the soil. The sokha is an evolution of a scratch-plough by an addition of a spade-like detail which turns the cut soil over (in regular ploughs the curved mouldboard both cuts and turns the soil). ;Pelmeni : ''Pelmeni'' is a dish originating from
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, now considered part of
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n national cuisine. It is a type of dumpling consisting of a filling that is wrapped in thin unleavened dough. The word ''pelmeni'' comes from the Finno-Ugric Komi language, Komi, Udmurt language, Udmurt, and Mansi language, Mansi languages. It is unclear when pelmeni entered the cuisines of Indigenous peoples of Siberia, indigenous Siberian people and when it first appeared in Russian cuisine, but most likely it was during the Mongol conquests and Mongol invasion of Rus', Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' in the 13th century, when Mongol-Tatars took the basic idea from the China, Chinese dumplings and brought it to
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
and
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
. ;Onion dome : The onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the drum (architecture), drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. The whole bulbous structure tapers smoothly to a point. The so-called onion dome is the dominant form for church domes in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, and though the earliest preserved Russian domes of the type date from the 16th century, illustrations of the old chronicles indicate that they were used since the late 13th century.


Grand Duchy of Moscow


14th century

Lapta (game), Lapta * Lapta is a Russian ball game played with a Baseball bat, bat, similar to modern baseball. The game is played outside on a field the size of 20 x 25 sazhens (about 140 x 175 feet). Points are earned by hitting the ball, served by a player of the opposite team, and sending it as far as possible, then running across the field to the ''kon'' line, and if possible running back to the ''gorod'' line. The running player should try to avoid being hit with the ball, which is thrown by opposing team members. The most ancient balls and bats for lapta were found in 14th-century layers during excavations in Novgorod. Zvonnitsa * A zvonnitsa is a large rectangular structure containing multiple arches or beam (structure), beams that carry bell (instrument), bells, where bell ringers stand on its basement level and perform the ringing using long ropes, like playing on a kind of giant
musical instrument A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who pl ...
. It was an alternative to bell tower in the medieval architecture of
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
and some
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
an countries. Zvonnitsa appeared in Russia in the 14th century and was widely used until the 17th century. Sometimes it was mounted right atop the church (building), church building, resulting in the special type of church called ''pod zvonom'' ("under ringing") or ''izhe pod kolokoly'' ("under bells"). The most famous example of this type of a church is the Church of John Climacus, St. Ivan of the Ladder adjacent to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Moscow Kremlin. Old Permic script, Anbur script The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан Храп, св. Стефан Пермский) in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur. The alphabet derived from Cyrillic and Greek, and Komi tribal signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras, because they were created by incisions, rather than by usual writing. The alphabet was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script. Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language. 1376 Sarafan * The sarafan is a long, shapeless pinafore-type jumper dress, a part of the traditional
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n folk costume worn by women and girls. Sarafans could be of single piece construction with thin shoulder straps over which a corset is sometimes worn, giving the shape of the body of a smaller triangle over a larger one. It comes in different styles such as the simpler black, flower- or check-patterned versions formerly used for everyday wear, or elaborate brocade versions formerly reserved for special occasions. Chronicles first mention it in the year 1376, and since that time it was worn well until the 20th century. It is now worn as a folk culture, folk costume for performing Russian folk songs and folk dancing. Plain sarafans are still designed and worn today as a summer-time light dress.


15th century

*Kholuy miniature, Kholui miniature Bardiche * The bardiche was a long poleaxe, that is a type of weapon combining the features of an axe and a polearm, known primarily in
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
where it was used instead of halberds. Occasionally such weapons were made in Ancient history, Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, but the regular and widespread usage of bardiches started in early-15th-century Russia. It was probably developed from the Scandinavian broad axe, but in Scandinavia it appeared only in the late 15th century. In the 16th century the bardiche became a weapon associated with the streltsy, Russian guardsmen armed with firearms, who used bardiches to rest handguns upon when firing. Boyar hat * The boyar hat, also known as gorlatnaya hat, was a fur hat worn by Russian nobility between the 15th and 17th centuries, most notably by boyars, for whom it was a sign of their social status. The higher hat indicated higher status. In average, it was one ell in height, having the form of a Cylinder (geometry), cylinder with more broad upper part, velvet or brocade on top and a main body made of fox, marten or sable fur. Today the hat is sometimes used in the Russian
fashion Fashion is a form of self-expression and autonomy at a particular period and place and in a specific context, of clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture. The term implies a look defined by the fashion in ...
. Gulyay-gorod * The gulyay-gorod (literally "wandering town") was a mobile fortification made from large wall-sized prefabricated shields set on wagons or sleds, a development of the wagon fort concept. The usage of installable shields instead of permanently armoured wagons was cheaper and allowed more possible configurations to be assembled. Such mobile structures were used mostly in the open steppe, where few natural shelters could be found. The wide-scale usage of gulyay-gorod started during the Russo-Kazan Wars, and later it was often used by the Ukrainian Cossacks. Ukha * Ukha is a Russian soup, made with broth and fish like salmon or cod, root vegetables, parsley root, leek, potato, bay leaf, Lime (fruit), lime, dill, green parsley and spiced with black pepper, cinnamon and cloves. Fish like perch, tenches, Silurus glanis, sheatfish and burbot were used to add flavour to the soup. ''Ukha'' as a name in the Russian cuisine for fish broth was established only in the late 17th to early 18th centuries. In earlier times this name was first given to thick meat broths, and then later chicken. Beginning from the 15th century, fish was used more and more often to prepare ukha, thus creating a dish that had a distinctive taste among soups. Russian oven * The Russian oven or Russian stove is a unique type of oven/Furnace (house heating), furnace that first appeared in the early 15th century. The Russian oven is usually placed in the centre of the izba, a traditional Russian dwelling, and plays an immense role in the traditional Russian culture and way of life. It is used both for cooking and domestic heating and is designed to retain heat for long periods of time. This is achieved by channeling the smoke and hot air produced by combustion through a complex labyrinth of passages, warming the bricks from which the oven is constructed. In winter people may sleep on top of the oven to keep warm. As well as warming and cooking, the Russian oven can be used for washing. A grown man can easily fit inside, and during the Great Patriotic War some people escaped the Nazis by hiding in ovens. Porridge or pancakes prepared in such an oven may differ in taste from the same meal prepared on a modern stove or range. The process of cooking in a traditional Russian oven can be called "languor" - holding dishes for a long period of time at a steady temperature. Foods that are believed to acquire a distinctive character from being prepared in a Russian oven include baked milk, pearl barley, mushrooms cooked in Smetana (dairy product), sour cream, or even a simple potato. Rassolnik * Rassolnik is a Russian soup made from pickled cucumbers, pearl barley and pork or beef kidneys, though a vegetarian version also exists. The dish is known from the 15th century, when it was initially called ''kalya''. The key part of rassolnik is ''rassol'', a liquid based on the juice of pickled cucumbers with some additions, famous for its usage in hangover treatment. c. 1430 Vodka#Russia, Russian vodka * Russian vodka is perhaps the world's most famous national brand of
vodka Vodka ( pl, wódka , russian: водка , sv, vodka ) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage. Different varieties originated in Poland, Russia, and Sweden. Vodka is composed mainly of water and ethanol but sometimes with traces of impuritie ...
, that is a distillation, distilled liquor, composed solely of water and ethanol with possible traces of impurities and flavorings. Vodka is one of the world's most popular liquors. It is made by Fermentation (food), fermentation of
rye Rye (''Secale cereale'') is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to both wheat (''Triticum'') and barley (genus ''Hordeum''). Rye grain is u ...
, wheat, potatoes, grapes, or sugar beet molasses. Alcoholic content usually ranges between 35 and 50 percent by volume. The standard Russian vodka is 40 percent alcohol by volume (80 Ethanol, alcoholic proof). The exact origins of vodka cannot be traced definitively, but almost certainly vodka as a beverage comes from 14th–15th-century
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
. Russia is often named the birthplace of vodka. The distillation apparatus was known in Moscow from the late 14th century and was used to produce Distilled beverage, spirit, the precursor of vodka. According to Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin, the first original recipe of Russian vodka was produced around 1430 by a monk called Isidore (inventor), Isidore from Chudov Monastery inside the Moscow Kremlin.


Early 16th century

Kokoshnik (architecture) * The kokoshnik is a semicircular or keel-like exterior decorative element in the traditional
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...
, a type of corbel blind arch. The name was inspired by the Kokoshnik, traditional Russian women's head-dress. Kokoshniks were used in Russian church architecture in the 16th century, while in the 17th century their popularity reached the highest point. Kokoshniks were placed on walls, at the basement of tented roofs or tholobates, or over the window frames, or in rows above the vault (architecture), vaults. 1510s Tented roof, Tented roof masonry * The tented roof masonry was a technique widely used in the
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Before that time tented roofs (cone (geometry), conical, or actually polygonal roofs) were made of wood and used in the wooden churches. These hipped roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. Wooden tents also were used to cover towers in kremlins, or even applied in some common buildings, like it was in
Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...
, but the thin, pointed, nearly conical roofs of the similar shape made of brick or stone became a unique form in Russian church architecture. Some scholars, however, argue that hipped roofs have something in common with European Gothic architecture, Gothic spires, and even tend to call this style 'Russian Gothic'. The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye, built in 1532 to commemorate the birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV, is often considered the first tented roof church, but recent studies show that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Alexandrov (town), Alexandrov, built in the 1510s. 1530 Russian architecture#Middle Muscovite period .281530.E2.80.931630.29, Middle Muscovite


Tsardom of Russia


Late 16th century

Abacus#Russia, Russian abacus * The Russian abacus or schoty (literally "counts") is a decimal type of abacus that has a single slanted deck in a unique vertical layout, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions, that is usually near the user). It was developed in Russia from the late 16th century, at the time when abacus already was falling out of use in the
Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...
. However, the decimality of the Russian abacus (explained by Russian ruble's being the world's first decimal currency) and its simplicity (compared to the previous European and Asian versions) led to the wide use of this device in Russia well until the advent of electronic calculators in the late 20th century, though it remains in quite common use today. 1550 Streltsy * First known standard military uniform worn by Russian regular army, elite armed forces known as Streltsy. 1552 Battery-tower * The battery-tower is a late type of siege tower, carrying artillery inside it, a development of the gulyay-gorod concept. The first such tower was built by the Russian military engineer Ivan Vyrodkov during the siege of Kazan in 1552 (a part of the Russo-Kazan Wars), and could hold ten large-calibre cannons and 50 lighter cannons. Later battery-towers were often used by the Ukrainians, Ukrainian Cossacks. 1561 ''
Saint Basil's Cathedral The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed ( rus, Собо́р Васи́лия Блаже́нного, Sobór Vasíliya Blazhénnogo), commonly known as Saint Basil's Cathedral, is an Orthodox church in Red Square of Moscow, and is one of the most pop ...
'' * Saint Basil's Cathedral is perhaps the most famous Russian Orthodox cathedral, a symbol of Moscow and
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. It was designed by Postnik Yakovlev on the order of Ivan IV of Russia and built on the Moscow's Red Square in 1555–1561, to commemorate the Siege of Kazan (1552), capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. The unique feature of the Saint Basil's Cathedral is the fact that it is a complex of multiple temples put together. The original building, known as "Trinity Cathedral", contained eight side churches covered with onion domes and arranged around the ninth, central tented roof church of Intercession of saints, Intercession; the tenth church was erected in 1588 over the grave of venerated local Foolishness for Christ, Fool Basil Fool for Christ, Vasily (Basil). In the 16th and the 17th centuries the cathedral, perceived as the earthly symbol of the Heaven#In Orthodox Christianity, Heavenly City, was popularly known as "Jerusalem in Christianity, Jerusalem" and served as an allegory of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jerusalem Temple in the annual Palm Sunday parade attended by the Patriarch of Moscow and the Tsar. Its striking design, shaped as a flame of a bonfire rising into the sky, has no analogues elsewhere in the world, and it was seldom reproduced in
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...
, most notably in the St. Peter's and Paul Cathedral in Petergof and in the Church of the Savior on Blood in St. Petersburg. 1566 ''Great Abatis Line'' * The Great Abatis Line, or Bolshaya Zasechnaya Cherta in Russian, was the largest fortification line of the abatis type, built by the
Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...
and later the Tsardom of Russia. Its purpose was to protect Russia from the raids of nomads of the
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russ ...
an steppes, such as the Crimean Tatars. As a fortification construction stretching for hundreds kilometers, the Great Abatis Line is analogous to the Great Wall of China and the Roman Limes (Roman Empire), limes. Most of its length consisted of abatis, which is a barrier built from felled trees arranged as a barricade. It was also fortified by ditches and earth mounds, palisades, watch towers and natural features like lakes and swamps. Stone and wooden kremlins of the towns were also included in the Great Abatis Line, as well as the smaller forts called ostrog (fortress), ostrogs. The Great Abatis Line was built south of Moscow between the Bryansk woods and Meschera swamps starting from the 12th century, and was officially completed in 1566, exceeding 1000 km in length. 1586 ''Tsar Cannon'' * The Tsar Cannon is an enormous cannon, Contract, commissioned in 1586 by Russian Feodor I of Russia, Tsar Feodor and cast by Andrey Chokhov. It is the List of the largest cannon by caliber, largest bombard by caliber. The cannon weighs 39.312 metric tonnes and has a length of . Its bronze-cast barrel has a calibre of , and an external diameter of . Along with a new carriage, the 2 ton cannonballs surrounding the cannon were added in 1835 and are larger than the diameter of its barrel; in fact, it was originally designed to fire 800 kg stone grapeshot. The cannon is decorated with reliefs, including one depicting Tsar Feodor I of Russia, Feodor on a horse, hence the name of the cannon, though now the word ''Tsar'' is associated more with the supreme size of the weapon. Several copies of the cannon were made in the 21st century and installed in Donetsk and several Russian cities, while the original Tsar Cannon is in the Moscow Kremlin.М.Е. Портнов. Царь-Пушка и Царь-Колокол. Московский Рабочий, Москва, 1990 / M.E.Portnov. ''Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell'', Moskovsky Rabochiy, Moscow 1990,


17th century

Bochka roof * The bochka roof or simply bochka (russian: бочка, barrel) is the type of roof in the traditional
Russian architecture The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus’ state, the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and imperial ...
that has a form of half-Cylinder (geometry), cylinder with an elevated and sharpened upper part, resembling the sharpened kokoshnik (architecture), kokoshnik. Typically made of wood, the bochka roof was extensively used both in the church and civilian architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries. Later it was sometimes used in Russian Revival style buildings. Gorodki * Gorodki or ''townlets'' is an old Russian folk culture, folk sport whose popularity has spread also to Scandinavia and the Baltic States. Similar to bowling, the aim of the game is to knock out groups of skittles (sport), skittles arranged in some pattern by throwing a bat at them. The skittles, or pins, are called ''gorodki'' (literally ''little cities'' or ''townlets''), and the square zone in which they are arranged is called the ''gorod'' (''city''). The game is mentioned in the old Russian chronicles and was known in the form close to the modern one at least from the 17th century, since one of the famous players in gorodki was the young Peter I of Russia. Roller coaster * Russian Mountains were winter sled rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, sometimes up to 200 feet tall, being the first type of roller coaster. Known from the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 70 and 80 feet, consisted of a 50 degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. In the 18th century they were especially popular in St. Petersburg and surrounding areas, from where by the late 18th century their usage and popularity spread to Europe. Sometimes wheeled carts were used instead of tracks, like in the ''Katalnaya Gorka'' built in Catherine the Great, Catherine II's residence in Oranienbaum, Russia, Oranienbaum. The first such wheeled ride was brought to Paris in 1804 under the name ''Les Montagnes Russes'' (French for "Russian Mountains"), and the term ''Russian Mountains'' continues to be a synonym for ''roller coaster'' in many countries today. Bird of Happiness (toy), Bird of Happiness * The Bird of Happiness is the traditional North Russian wooden toy, carved in the shape of a bird. It was invented by
Pomors Pomors or Pomory ( rus, помо́ры, p=pɐˈmorɨ, ''seasiders'') are an ethnographic group descended from Russian settlers, primarily from Veliky Novgorod, living on the White Sea coasts and the territory whose southern border lies on a wa ...
, the inhabitants of the White Sea, White and Barents Sea coastline. The Bird of Happiness is made without glue or other fasteners, by elaborate carving of thin petals for the bird's wings and tail and then using a special method of spreading and curving them. Similar methods are also used in other products of the North Russian handicraft. The amulet is usually made of pine, fir, spruce, or
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
n cedar. It is suspended inside a house, guarding the family hearth and well-being. Dymkovo toy * Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals (sometimes in the form of a Tin whistle, pennywhistle). It is an old
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n folk handicraft which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov (former Vyatka). Traditionally, the Dymkovo toys are made by women. Up until the 20th century, this toy production had been timed to the spring fair called ''свистунья'' (svistunya), or whistler. The first recorded mention of this event took place in 1811, however it is believed to have existed for some 400 years, thus dating the history of Dymkovo toy at least from the 17th century. Troika (driving), Troika * The troika (тройка, "triplet" or "trio") is a traditional Russian horse driving, harness driving combination, using three horses abreast, usually pulling a sleigh. It differs from most other three-horse combinations in that the horses are harnessed abreast. In addition to that, the troika is the world's only multiple harness with different horse gaits – the middle horse trot (horse gait), trots and the side horses canter. At full speed a troika could reach , which was a very high speed on land for vehicles in the 17th-19th centuries, making the troika closely associated with the fast ride. The troika was developed from the late 17th century, first being used for speedy delivering of mail, and having become common by the late 18th century. It was often used for travelling in stages where teams of tired horses could be exchanged for fresh animals to transport loads and people over long distances. 1630 Russian architecture#Late Muscovite period .281630.E2.80.931712.29, Late Muscovite Russian architecture characterized by many large cathedral-type churches with five onion-like cupolas, surrounding them with tents of bell towers and aisles. 1659 Khokhloma * Khokhloma is the name of a Russian wood painting handicraft, known for its vivid flower patterns, red and gold (color), gold colors over the black background, and the distinctive effect on the cheap and light wooden tableware or furniture, making it look heavier, metal-like and glamorous. It first appeared in the second half of the 17th century, at least from 1659, in today's Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and was named after the large trade settlement Khokhloma. The handicraft owes its origin to the Old Believers, who, fleeing from persecutions of officials, took refuge in local woods and taught some of the icon painting techniques to the local craftsmen, such as the usage of a goldish color without applying real gold. Nowadays khokhloma is one of the symbols of Russia, and apart from its usage in making tableware, furniture and souvenirs, it can be found in the wider context, for example in paintings on Russian
airliner An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an ...
s. 1679 Circle of fifths *In the late 1670s a treatise called ''Grammatika'' was written by the composer and theorist Nikolai Diletskii. Diletskii's ''Grammatika'' is a treatise on composition, the first of its kind, which targeted Western-style polyphonic compositions. It taught how to write kontserty, polyphonic a cappella, which were normally based on liturgical texts and were created by putting together musical sections that have contrasting rhythm, meters, melodic material and vocal groupings. Diletskii intended his treatise to be a guide to composition but pertaining to the rules of music theory. Within the Grammatika treatise is where the first circle of fifths appeared and was used for students as a composer's tool. 1685 Tula pryanik * The Tula pryanik is a type of printed gingerbread from the city of Tula, Russia, Tula, the most known kind of Russian gingerbreads. Usually the Tula pryanik looks like a rectangular tile or a flat figure. Modern Tula pryanik usually contain jam or condensed milk, while in the old times they were made with
honey Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primar ...
. The first mention of the Tula pryanik is in Tula census book of 1685. 1688 Balalaika * The balalaika is a stringed instrument with a characteristic triangle, triangular body and 3 strings (or sometimes 6, in 3 courses), perhaps the best-known national Russian musical instrument. The balalaika family of instruments includes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest, the prima balalaika, sekunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika and contrabass balalaika. The earliest mention of balalaika is found in a 1688 document, and initially it was an instrument of
skomorokh A skomorokh ( in Russian, in Old East Slavic, in Church Slavonic. Compare with the Old Polish , ) was a medieval East Slavic harlequin, or actor, who could also sing, dance, play musical instruments and compose for oral/musical and dramatic pe ...
s (sort of Russian free-lance musical jesters). In the 1880s the modern standard balalaika was developed by Vasily Vasilievich Andreyev, Vasily Andreev, who also started a tradition of balalaika orchestras, which finally led to the popularity of the instrument in many countries outside Russia. Glass-holder *The podstakannik (Russian: подстаканник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal, that holds a drinking glass. The primary purpose of podstakanniki (pl.) is to hold a very hot glass of tea, which is usually consumed right after it is brewed. It is a traditional way of serving and drinking tea in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other post-Soviet states. 1693 *Naryshkin Baroque. Also called Moscow Baroque, or Muscovite Baroque, is the name given to a particular style of Baroque architecture and decoration which was fashionable in Moscow from the turn of the 17th into the early 18th centuries.


Early 18th century

Table-glass * The table-glass or granyonyi stakan (literally ''faceted glass'') is a type of drinkware made from especially hard and thick glass, having a faceted form. Granyonyi stakan has certain advantages over the other drinkware, since due to its form and hardness it is more difficult to break. It is arguably handier in usage on moving trains or rolling ships, where it is less prone to tip and fall, or slip from hands, and less likely to break upon hitting the floor. A legend says that the first known Russian faceted glass was given as a present to Tsar Peter the Great from a glass-maker called Yefim Smolin, living in Vladimir Oblast. He boasted to Tsar that his glass couldn't be broken. Tsar Peter liked the present, however, after drinking some alcoholic beverage from it, he threw the glass on the ground and managed to break it. Still Peter didn't punish the glass-maker, and the production of such glasses continued, while the Russian tradition of breaking drinkware on certain occasions originated from that episode. 1704 Decimal currency * The decimal currency is a type of currency that is based on one basic unit and a sub-unit which is a power of 10 (number), 10, typically 100. Most modern currencies adhere to this pattern. Russia was the first country to introduce such a currency after decimalisation of its financial system in 1704, during the reign of Peter the Great, when Russian ruble was made equal to 100 Ruble, kopecks. 1717 Lathe (metal)#Compound rest, Metal lathe compound slide * by Andrey Nartov. A compound slide on a metal lathe adds the ability to turn tapers more easily, and may be used to turn more precise diameters. They are a standard feature of modern manually operated lathes. 1718 Yacht club * The yacht club is a sports Club (organization), club specifically related to sailing and yachting. The oldest yacht club in the world, by date of establishment, is the Neva Yacht Club, founded by the Russian Tsar Peter the Great in 1718 in St. Petersburg (likely, the idea had been devised as early as 1716, when the First Neva Shipyard started building civilian vessels). Though, since it was not a purely voluntary association of members, but an organisation founded by Tsar's decree, the Neva Yacht Club's being the world's oldest is challenged by the Royal Cork Yacht Club in Ireland, founded in 1720. Both clubs have gone through periods of dormancy and undergone various name changes.


Russian Empire


1720s

1725 Rebar * Rebar or reinforcing bar is a common metal bar (typically made of steel), used in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. Rebar was known in construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete, since some 150 years before its invention rebar were used in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, which was built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov between 1725 and 1732. The purpose of such construction is one of the many mysteries of the tower. The cast iron used was of very high quality, and there is no corrosion on them up to this day.


1730s

1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod * The cast iron cupola was a type of cupola made of cast iron rather than made from stone or brick as it was in ancient or medieval domes. The first application of this technology is found in the mysterious Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, completed in 1732. The tower's tented roof had a cast iron carcass and outer shell. The second time, this technique was applied only some 100 years later, during the reconstruction of the Mainz Cathedral in Germany in 1826, while the third time it was used in the dome of Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, built in the 1840s. The very top of the tower was crowned with a gilding, gilded metallic sphere with spikes. Since it was Ground (electricity), grounded through the rebar of the tower carcass, it acted like a lightning rod. Thus, the Russian builders de facto created the first lightning rod in the Western world some 25 years before Benjamin Franklin, however it is not known whether that was intentional. 1733 ''Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Peter and Paul Cathedral'' * The Peter and Paul Cathedral is a Russian Orthodox cathedral located in Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg,
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. It is the first and oldest landmark in St. Petersburg, built between 1712 and 1733 inside the Peter and Paul Fortress. Both the cathedral and the fortress were originally built under Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great and designed by Domenico Trezzini. The cathedral is the burial place of all Russian Emperors from Peter I of Russia, Peter I to Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II, with the exception of Peter II of Russia, Peter II. The cathedral's bell tower is the world's List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox bell tower. Since the belfry is not standalone, but an integral part of the main building, the cathedral is sometimes considered the highest Eastern Orthodox Church in the world. 1735 ''Tsar Bell'' * The Tsar Bell, also known as the Tsarsky Kolokol or Royal Bell, is a huge bell (instrument), bell on display on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. The bell was commissioned by Empress Anna, niece of Peter the Great. Currently it is the List of heaviest bells, largest and heaviest bell in the world, weighing 216 tons, with a height of 6.14 metre, m (20.1 ft) and diameter of 6.6 m (21.6 ft). It was foundry, founded from bronze by masters Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail in 1733–1735. The bell, however, was never rung because of a fire in 1737, when a huge slab (11.5 tons) cracked off while it was still in the casting pit. In 1836, the bell was placed on a stone pedestal next to the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. For a time, the bell served as a chapel, with the broken area forming the door. According to the legend, on Last Judgment, Judgement Day the Tsar Bell will be miraculously repaired and lifted up to heaven, where it will ring the blagovest (call to prayer). 1739 Ice palace


1740s

1741 Quick-firing gun * by Andrey Nartov


1750s

1754 Coaxial rotor / Model helicopter * by Mikhail Lomonosov 1756 Conservation of mass, Law of Mass Conservation * by Mikhail Lomonosov 1757 Licorne (Russian field gun) * by M.W. Danilov and S.A. Martynov


1760s

1761 Atmosphere of Venus * Mikhail Lomonosov was the first person to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Petersburg. 1762 Reflecting telescope#Off-axis designs, Off-axis reflecting telescope * by Mikhail Lomonosov


1770s

1770 ''Amber Room'' * The Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg is a complete chamber decoration of amber (color), amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. It was dubbed the ''Eighth Wonder of the World'' due to its singular beauty and the large quantity of a rare material (amber is rather hard to carve). Due to its unique history it was also called the ''World's Greatest Lost Treasure''. Several generations of German and Russian craftsmen worked on this masterpiece, prompted by several generations of monarchs. Construction began in 1701 to 1709 in Prussia. In 1716 the ''Amber Cabinet'' was given by Prussian king Frederick William I of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm I to his then ally, Tsar Peter I of Russia. Then it was expanded by Russian craftsmen, and by 1770, when the work was finished, the Room covered more than 55 square meters and contained over six tons of amber. It was looted art, looted during World War II by Nazi Germany, brought to Königsberg and lost in the chaos at the end of the war. In 1979-2003 Russian craftsmen again reconstructed the Amber Room in the Catherine Palace, while the location of the original one is still a mystery. 1770 ''Bronze Horseman#Thunder Stone, Thunder Stone'' * The largest stone ever moved by man, used a base for a statue. 1776 Orenburg shawl 1778 Samovar, Russian samovar * In 1778 the Lisitsyns, Lisitsyn brothers introduced their first samovar design, and the same year they registered the first samovar-making factory in Russia. File:Thunder Stone.jpg, ''The Transportation of the Bronze Horseman#Thunder Stone, Thunder-stone in the Presence of Catherine the Great, Catherine II''. Engraving by I.F.Schley of the drawing by Yury Felten. 1770. File:Samovar.silver.jpg, A typical samovar


1780s

1784 Orlov Trotter * by Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov File:Орловский рысак.jpg, Orlov Trotter, considered the fastest for most of the 19th century.


1790s

Russian guitar * by Andrei Sychra Valenki 1793 Elevator#History, Screw drive elevator * The screw drive elevator is an elevator that uses a screw drive system instead of a hoist, like it was in the earlier elevators. The invention of the screw drive was the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, which finally led to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first such elevator was invented by Ivan Kulibin and installed in the Winter Palace in 1793, while several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye Palace, Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. In 1823, an "ascending room" made its debut in London. 1795 Fedoskino miniature / Russian lacquer art 1796 Peaked cap * The peaked cap has been worn by Russian Army officers as a type of forage cap since 1796 by some regiments, and from 1811 by the most of the army. File:Seven-string-guitar.jpg, A seven-string Russian guitar File:315 Changes in uniforms and armament of troops of the Russian Imperial army.jpg, Russian soldiers wearing in peaked caps.


19th century

*Kargopol toys *Filimonovo toys *Gorodets painting *Rushnik is a ritual cloth embroidered with symbols and cryptograms of the ancient world. 1802 Powdered milk, Modern powdered milk 1802 Electric arc, Continuous electric arc * by Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, Vasily Petrov 1805 Droshky any of various 2 or 4 wheeled, horse-drawn, public carriages (early taxicabs). File:Lichtbogen 3000 Volt.jpg, Electric arc. File:Dorozka_Aleksander_Orłowski_1.png, Early 19th century depiction by Aleksander Orłowski


1810s

1811 Sailor cap 1812 Electric telegraph * by Pavel Schilling 1812 Naval mine * by Pavel Schilling 1814 Frame (beehive), Beehive frame * by Petro Prokopovych File:Russian sailor cap.jpg, Russian Navy's sailor cap. File:Voll Honig.JPG, Frame (beehive), Beehive frame filled with
honey Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primar ...
.


1820s

1820 Antarctica * By Mikhail Lazarev & Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 1820s Russian Revival architecture is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture. 1820 Monorail * The so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages, built by Ivan Elmanov. 1825 Zhostovo painting 1828 Electromagnetic telegraph * by Pavel Schilling 1829 Sunflower oil, Industrial production process of sunflower oil 1829 Three bolt equipment, Three bolt diving equipment * by E. K. Gauzen


1830s

1832 Unit record equipment, Data recording equipment * Semen Korsakov was reputedly the first to use the punched cards in informatics for information storage and search. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832, and rather than seeking patents offered the machines for public use. 1833 Lenz's law * by Heinrich Lenz 1835 Centrifugal fan * by Alexander Sablukov 1838 Electrotyping * by Moritz von Jacobi, Boris Jacobi 1839 Electric boat * by Moritz von Jacobi, Boris Jacobi 1839 Galvanoplastic, Galvanoplastic sculpture * by Moritz von Jacobi, Boris Jacobi and Heinrich Lenz File:Homeoscope03.gif, The search of data on Semen Korsakov's punched card, a part of the machine called ''linear homeoscope''. File:CentrifugalFan.png, Components of a centrifugal fan.


1840s

1847 Anesthesia, Field anesthesia * by Nikolay Pirogov 1848 Oil well, Modern oil well * by Vasily Semyonov File:102 329 nobel oilwells.jpg, 19th-century oil wells near Baku.


1850s

1850s Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon. 1851 ''Struve Geodetic Arc'' * by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve 1851 Russian Railway Troops 1854 Field surgery, Modern field surgery * By Nikolay Pirogov 1854 Stereo camera 1857-1861 Chemical structure, Theory of chemical structure * By Alexander Butlerov, one of the principal creators of the theory of chemical structure, the first to incorporate double bonds into structural formulas, the discoverer of Hexamine and the discoverer of the Formose reaction. 1857 Radiator * A radiator is a heat exchanger used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating. The first historical application of radiator was in central heating systems. The Radiator (heating), heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli, a Polish-born
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n businessman living in St. Petersburg, between 1855 and 1857. 1858 ''Saint Isaac's Cathedral'' * Saint Isaac's Cathedral is the largest Russian Orthodox cathedral in St. Petersburg. It was the List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox church upon its completion (subsequently surpassed only by the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour). It is dedicated to Saint Isaac of Dalmatia, a patron saint of Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great who had been born on the feast day of that saint. Designed by Auguste de Montferrand, the cathedral is a masterpiece of the late classicism, built between 1818 and 1858. Multiple innovations were used during construction, such as the giant cast iron dome, special frameworks to erect columns, and the first usage of galvanoplastic, galvanoplastic sculpture in architecture. 1859 Aluminothermy * By Nikolay Beketov File:Household radiator.jpg, An old-style Radiator (heating), household radiator. File:Saint Isaac's Cathedral.jpg, Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.


1860s

1860s Russian salad * by Lucien Olivier 1861 Beef Stroganoff 1864 Icebreaker, Modern icebreaker * An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters. The first steam-powered metal-hull (ship), hulled icebreaker of the modern type was the Russian ''Pilot (icebreaker), Pilot'', built in 1864 on orders of the merchant and shipbuilder Mikhail Britnev. It had the bow altered to achieve an ice-clearing capability (20° raise from keel line). This allowed the ''Pilot'' to push itself on the top of the ice and consequently break it. Britnev fashioned the bow of his ship after the shape of the old wooden Pomor koch (boat), kochs, which had been navigating icy waters of the
White Sea The White Sea (russian: Белое море, ''Béloye móre''; Karelian and fi, Vienanmeri, lit. Dvina Sea; yrk, Сэрако ямʼ, ''Serako yam'') is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is su ...
and Barents Sea for centuries. 1868 Grow light * Andrei Famintsyn was the first to use artificial light for plant growing and research. 1869 Hectograph 1869 Periodic table, Periodic table of the elements * by Dmitri Mendeleev File:Russian Olivier salad.jpg, Russian salad. File:Beef Stroganoff-01.jpg, Beef Stroganoff.


1870s

Gymnasterka * The gymnasterka was originally introduced into the Imperial Russian Army, Tsarist army about 1870 for wear by regiments stationed in Turkestan during the hot summers. It took the form of a loose fitting white linen "shirt-tunic" and included the coloured shoulder-boards of the green tunic worn during the remainder of the year. The gymnasterka was taken into use by all branches of the Imperial Army at the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. Originally intended for working dress during peace-time and patterned on the traditional Russian peasant smock, the gymnasterka was subsequently adopted for ordinary duties and active service wear. It was worn as such by non-commissioned ranks in summer during the 1890s and early 1900s. The officers' equivalent was a white double breasted tunic or ''kitel''. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05, the white gymnasterka with its red or blue shoulder-boards proved too conspicuous against modern weaponry and the garments were often dyed various shades of khaki. The smartness and comfort of the white gymnasterka enabled it to survive for a few more years of peacetime wear until a light khaki version was adopted in 1907-09 and worn during World War I. 1872 Lamp (electrical component), Electric lamp * By Alexander Lodygin. In 1872, he applied for a Russian patent for his filament lamp. He also patented this invention in Austria, Britain, France, and Belgium. For a filament, Lodygin used a very thin carbon rod, placed under a bell-glass. 1872 Aldol reaction * by Alexander Borodin, independently from Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 1873 Odhner Arithmometer * by Willgodt Theophil Odhner 1873 Armored cruiser * ''Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873), General-Admiral'' by Andrei Alexandrovich Popov 1874 Headlamp * by Pavel Yablochkov 1875 Railway electrification system * by Fyodor Pirotsky 1876 AC transformer * by Pavel Yablochkov 1876 Yablochkov candle * Invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov, the Yablochkov candle was the first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp and was used for the world's first electric street lightning at the Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris. 1877 Torpedo boat tender * by Stepan Makarov 1877 Tracked vehicle, Tracked wagon * by Fyodor Blinov 1878 Oil depot, Cylindrical oil tank * by Vladimir Shukhov 1879 Oil tanker, Modern oil tanker * by Ludvig Nobel File:Гимнастёрка и карабин.jpg, Gymnasterka of sergeant of Red Army (1935) File:Odner-arithmometer.jpg, W. T. Odhner's arithmometer File:Yablochkov candles illuminating Music hall on la Place du Chateau d'eau ca 1880.jpg, Yablochkov candles illuminating a music hall in Paris. File:Steel Oil depot by Vladimir Shukhov.jpg, An old Oil depot, cylindrical oil storage tank.


1880s

1880s Winogradsky column * The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae. 1888s Three-phase electric power * The three-phase system was developed independently from others by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. 1880 Vitamins * By Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin (:ru:Лунин, Николай Иванович, Russian Wikipedia article) 1880 Electric tram * by Fyodor Pirotsky 1881 Carbon arc welding * The first arc welding method was introduced by Nikolay Benardos and later patented in 1887. 1883 ''Cathedral of Christ the Saviour'' * The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is the main and largest cathedral of the
Russian Orthodox Church , native_name_lang = ru , image = Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg , imagewidth = , alt = , caption = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia , abbreviation = ROC , type ...
, located in Moscow on the bank of the Moskva River. It is the List of tallest Eastern Orthodox churches, tallest Eastern Orthodox church in the world. Designed by Konstantin Thon, it is an outstanding example of the Byzantine Revival architecture. The domes of the cathedral for the first time in history were gilded using the technique of gold electroplating. The original building was demolished during the Soviet era, but was rebuilt in 1995–2000, having become a symbol of Russia's religious renaissance. 1884 ''Mozhaysky's airplane'' * By Alexander Mozhaysky. Known as one of the earliest heavier-than-air machines to leave the ground under its own power, however still underpowered for a sustained controlled flight. 1884 ''History of submarines, Electric submarine'' * By Stefan Drzewiecki 1888 Caterpillar tractor, Caterpillar farm tractor * The first steam-powered tractor on continuous tracks was completed by Fyodor Blinov 1888 Shielded metal arc welding * By Nikolay Slavyanov 1888 Solar cell (based on the outer photoelectric effect) * By Aleksandr Stoletov 1889 Induction motor, Three-phase induction motor * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1889 Transformer, Three-phase transformer * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1889 ''Mosin–Nagant, Mosin–Nagant rifle'' * By Sergei Ivanovich Mosin, the most produced rifle of the era File:Tramway-LVS-2005.JPG, Electric tram in Saint Petersburg. File:Wrau-cathedral-of-christ-the-savior.jpg, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow), Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, the world's tallest Eastern Orthodox church (building), Eastern Orthodox church. File:SMAW.welding.navy.ncs.jpg, Shielded metal arc welding.


1890s

1890
Matryoshka doll Matryoshka dolls ( ; rus, матрёшка, p=mɐˈtrʲɵʂkə, a=Ru-матрёшка.ogg), also known as stacking dolls, nesting dolls, Russian tea dolls, or Russian dolls, are a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside ano ...
* By Sergey Malyutin and Vasily Zvyozdochkin 1890 Powered exoskeleton 1890 Chemosynthesis * By Sergei Winogradsky 1891 Cracking (chemistry)#Thermal cracking, Thermal chemical cracking * Shukhov cracking process by Vladimir Shukhov and Sergei Gavrilov, the first Cracking (chemistry), cracking method 1891 Electric power transmission, Long-distance transmission of three-phase electric power * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky at the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main. This demonstration initiated the today's power grids. 1891 Hydroelectricity, Three-phase hydroelectric power plant * By Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky 1892 Viruses * By Dmitri Ivanovsky 1894 Nephoscope * By Mikhail Pomortsev 1895 Lightning detector / Radio receiver * By Alexander Stepanovich Popov 1896 Thin-shell structure * By Vladimir Shukhov 1896 Tensile structure * By Vladimir Shukhov 1896 Hyperboloid structure * By Vladimir Shukhov, see also Shukhov Tower 1897 Gridshell * By Vladimir Shukhov 1898 Polar icebreaker * A polar icebreaker is an
icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
capable of operating in the polar waters with their vast and thick multi-year sea ice. The Russian icebreaker ''Icebreaker Yermak, Yermak'' (named after Yermak the Russian conquest of Siberia, conqueror of Siberia) was the first icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice. It was built in England between 1897 and 1898 after Admiral Stepan Makarov's design and under his supervision. Between 1899 and 1911 ''Yermak'' sailed in heavy ice conditions for more than 1000 days. Starting from this vessel, Russia created the largest fleet of oceangoing icebreakers in the 20th and 21st centuries. 1899 Radiation pressure * By Pyotr Lebedev File:First matryoshka museum doll open.jpg, The original matryoshka carved by Vasily Zvyozdochkin and painted by Sergey Malyutin. File:Tensile Steel Lattice Shell of Oval Pavilion by Vladimir Shukhov 1895.jpg, The world's first tensile steel Thin-shell structure, Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during construction), Nizhny Novgorod, 1895. File:First Shukhov Tower Nizhny Novgorod 1896.jpg, The world's first hyperboloid lattice 37-meter water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russia exhibition 1896, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896


20th century

Mstyora miniature 1901 Classical conditioning * by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in 1904. (Also referred to as "Pavlov's dog") 1901 Chromatography * by Mikhail Tsvet 1902 Fire fighting foam * Fire fighting foam is foam used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of combustion. Fire fighting foam was invented by the Russian engineer and chemist Aleksandr Loran in 1902. He was a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem, and so he invented his fire fighting foam.Loran and the fire extinguisher
at p-lab.org
1903 Spaceflight, Theoretical foundations of spaceflight * By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1903 Cytoskeleton 1903 Motor ship * The Russian tanker ''Vandal (tanker), Vandal'' was the world's first diesel-powered ship. 1904 Radio jamming 1904 Fire extinguisher#Foams, Foam extinguisher * The first such extinguisher was produced in 1904 by Aleksandr Loran, who invented fire fighting foam two years before. 1905 Auscultatory blood pressure measurement * By Nikolai Korotkov 1905 Korotkoff sounds, Korotkov sounds 1905 Insubmersibility * By Alexey Krylov and Stepan Makarov 1906 Seismometer, Electric seismometer * By Boris Borisovich Galitzine 1907 Aerosani / Snowmobile 1907 Pulsejet 1907 Bayan (accordion), Bayan 1907 ''Church of the Savior on Blood'' * The church contains over 7500 square metres of mosaics — according to its restorers, more than any other church in the world. File:USCG AFFF.JPG, A modern Fire extinguisher#Foams, foam fire extinguisher. File:Sphygmomanometer.jpg, Aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope, used for auscultatory blood pressure measurement. File:Jupiter bayan accordion.JPG, Bayan (accordion), Bayan accordion.


1910s

1910 Polybutadiene * The first commercially viable synthetic rubber by Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev, Sergei Lebedev. 1910 Montage (filmmaking) or Kuleshov Effect (by Lev Kuleshov) 1910 Non-Aristotelian logic By Nicolai A. Vasiliev, Nikolai Vasilyev 1911 Knapsack parachute * By Gleb Kotelnikov 1911 Television * By Boris Rosing and Vladimir Zworykin 1911 Stanislavski's system * A progression of techniques used to train actors to draw believable emotions to their performances. The method that was originally created and used by Constantin Stanislavski from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage. 1913 Zaum * Zaum (Russian: зáумь) is a word used to describe the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh. 1913 Airliner * Russky Vityaz by Igor Sikorsky 1913 Half-track * Also known as Kégresse track, invented by Adolphe Kégresse. 1914 Aerobatics * By Pyotr Nesterov, independently from Adolphe Pégoud 1914 Gyrocar * By Pyotr Shilovsky 1914 Tachanka * By Nestor Makhno (according to some sources) 1914 Strategic bomber * Sikorsky Ilya Muromets by Igor Sikorsky 1914 Aerial ramming * By Pyotr Nesterov 1915 Gas mask, Activated charcoal gas mask * By Nikolay Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner 1915 Vezdekhod * Vezdekhod was the first prototype caterpillar tank, or tankette, and the first continuous track amphibious ATV. It was invented by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov in 1915. The word Vezdekhod means "He who goes anywhere" or "all-terrain vehicle". 1915 ''Tsar Tank'' * This eccentric design differed from modern tanks in that it did not use caterpillar tracks, rather it used a wheeled tricycle design. The two front spoked wheels were nearly 9 metres (27 feet) in diameter; the back wheel was smaller, only 1.5 metres (5 feet) high. 1916 ''Trans-Siberian Railway'' * The longest railway in the world. 1916 Optophonic piano File:Gleb Kotelnikov.jpg, Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention, the knapsack parachute. File:The Russian two-wheel car in London. 1914.jpg, Shilovsky's gyrocar in 1914, presented in London. File:Russian gas mask ПМК-2.jpg, A modern Russian gas mask. File:Tsar tank.jpg, The Tsar Tank.


Soviet Russia and Soviet Union


Late 1910s

1917 Socialist realism * A style of realistic art which was developed in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other socialist countries. 1918 Air ioniser * By Alexander Chizhevsky 1918 Budenovka * By Viktor Vasnetsov 1918 Ushanka 1918 Jet pack (not built) 1919 Film school 1919 Theremin * By Léon Theremin 1919 Constructivism (art) * An artistic and architectural philosophy which was a rejection of the idea of autonomous art. The movement was in favour of art as a practice for social purposes. File:Ushanka of Soldier of Soviet Army-6.jpg, The later version of the Soviet Army ushanka. File:Lydia kavina.jpg, Lydia Kavina playing theremin.


1920s

1920s Constructivist architecture * A form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. It combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly Communist social purpose. 1921 Aerial refueling * By Alexander P. de Seversky 1923 Iconoscope * By Vladimir Zworykin 1923 Palekh miniature * Also Russian lacquer art, Kholuy miniature, Mstyora miniature 1924 Flying wing * By Boris Cheranovsky 1924 Optophonic Piano * By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine 1924 Stem cells * By Alexander Maximow 1924 Abiogenesis#Oparin: Primordial soup hypothesis, Primordial soup hypothesis * By Aleksandr Oparin 1924 Diesel electric locomotive * Russian locomotive class E el-2 1925 Interlaced video * Interlaced video is a technique of doubling the perceived frame rate introduced with the composite video signal used with analog television without consuming extra bandwidth. It was first demonstrated by Léon Theremin in 1925. 1926 Graphical sound * By Pavel Tager and Aleksandr Shorin 1927 Light-emitting diode * by Oleg Losev 1927 ''Po-2, Polikarpov Po-2 biplane'' * The List of most produced aircraft, most produced biplane in the world. 1928 Gene pool * by Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky, Alexander Serebrovsky 1928 Rabbage * Rabbage or Raphanobrassica, was the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding, which was an important step in biotechnology. It was produced by Georgii Karpechenko in 1928. 1929 Cadaveric blood, Cadaveric blood transfusion * by Sergei Yudin (surgeon), Sergei Yudin 1929 Kinescope * By Vladimir Zworykin 1929 Pobedit * Pobedit is a specialized alloy that is close in hardness to diamond (85-90 on the Rockwell scale). It was created in the USSR in 1929 and was used in mining, metal-cutting and as a material for special mechanical parts. Later a number of similar alloys have been developed. 1929 Teletank / Military robot File:PalekhTroikaWolves.jpg, Troika (driving), Troika with wolves, an example of Palekh miniature. File:Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden 49.jpg, Polikarpov Po-2 ''Polikarpov Po-2, Kukuruznik''. File:tt-26.jpg, Soviet TT-26 teletank, the first military robot.


1930s

Spring-loaded camming device * by Vitaly Abalakov Abalakov thread, Abalakov thread climbing device * by Vitaly Abalakov Electric propulsion, Electric rocket motor * by Valentin Glushko 1930s Hull (watercraft), Modern ship hull design * Vladimir Yourkevitch invented the modern ship hull design when he designed the SS Normandie. 1930 Blood bank 1930 Single lift-rotor Helicopter#Early development, helicopter * Designed by Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin of TsAGI, the TsAGI 1-EA was flown by Cheremukhin to an unofficial altitude record of 605 meters (1,985 ft) in August 1932. 1930 Paratrooping * Russian Airborne Troops - the first and largest in the world 1931 Pressure suit * by Yevgeny Chertovsky 1931 Hypergolic propellant, Hypergolic rocket propellants * by Valentyn Glushko 1931 Rhythmicon / Drum machine * by Léon Theremin, the first drum machine 1931 Flame tank * T-26 variants, KhT-26 1932 Postconstructivism * A transitional architectural style that existed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, typical of early Stalinist architecture before World War II. 1932 Postal code 1932 Children's railway 1932 Terpsitone * by Léon Theremin 1932 Underwater welding * by Konstantin Khrenov 1933 Kidney transplant, Human kidney transplant 1933 Sampling theorem * By Vladimir Kotelnikov 1933 Tandem rotors, Tandem rotor helicopter * By Nicolas Florine, Nikolay Florin 1933 Stalinist architecture * Also referred to as Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism, is a term given to architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. 1934 ''Tupolev ANT-20'' * Purpose-designed propaganda aircraft, the largest aircraft in 1930s 1934 Cherenkov detector * Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Pavel Cherenkov 1935 Kirza * Kirza is a type of artificial leather based on the multi-layer textile fabric, modified by membrane-like substances, produced mainly in the Soviet Union and
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
as a cheap and effective replacement for natural leather. The surface of kirza imitates pig leather. The material is mainly used in production of military boots and belts for machinery and automobiles. The name ''kirza'' is an acronym from ''Kirovskiy Zavod'' (''Kirov plant'') located in the city of Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov, which was the first place of the mass production of kirza. The technology was invented in 1935 by Ivan Plotnikov and improved in 1941. Since that time kirza boots became a typical element of the uniform in the Soviet Army, Soviet and Russian Ground Forces, Russian Army. 1935 ''Moscow Metro'' * The Moscow Metro, which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is Europe's List of metro systems#List, busiest rapid-transit, metro system. Opened in 1935, it is well known for the ornate design of many of its metro station, stations, which contain numerous examples of socialist realism, socialist realist art. 1935 Kremlin stars 1936 Acoustic microscopy 1936 Smokejumping, Airborne firefighting 1937 Artificial heart * By Vladimir Demikhov. It was transplanted to a dog. 1937 Modern synthesis (20th century), Modern evolutionary synthesis * By Theodosius Dobzhansky 1937 Superfluidity * By Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen (physicist), John F. Allen and Don Misener 1937 Drag chute * The drag chute or braking parachute is an application of the drogue parachute for decreasing the landing distance of an aircraft below that available solely from the aircraft's brakes. For the first time drag chutes were used in 1937 by the Soviet airplanes in the
Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
that provided support for the famous polar expeditions of the era. The drag chute allowed safe landings on small drift ice, ice-floes. 1937 Drifting ice station * Soviet and Russian drifting ice stations are important contributors to Arctic exploration, exploration of the
Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
. An idea to use the drift ice for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean belongs to Fridtjof Nansen, who fulfilled it on ''Fram (ship), Fram'' between 1893 and 1896. However, the first stations to be placed right upon the drifting ice originated in the Soviet Union in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operating. More drifting ice stations were organised after World War II, and many special equipment was developed for them, such as the elevated tents to be placed on the melting ice and indicators monitoring the ice cracks. 1937 Welded sculpture * Welded sculpture is an artform in which sculpture is made using welding techniques. The first such sculpture was the famous ''Worker and Kolkhoz Woman'' by Vera Mukhina. Initially it was placed atop the Soviet pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937), 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The choice of welding method was explained by a giant size of the sculpture, and also was intended to demonstrate the innovative Soviet technologies. 1937 Fire-fighting sport * Fire-fighting sport is a sport discipline that includes a competition between various fire fighting teams in fire fighting-related exercises, such as climbing special stairs in a mock-up house, unfolding a water hose, and extinguishing a fire using hoses or extinguishers. It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1937, while international competitions have taken place since 1968. 1937-1957 ANS synthesizer 1938 Deep column station * The deep column station is a type of Subway (rail), subway station, consisting of a central hall with two side halls, connected by ring-like passages between a row of columns. Depending on the type of station, the rings transmit load to the columns either by "wedged arches" or through purlins, forming a "column-purlin complex." The fundamental advantage of the column station is the significantly greater connection between the halls, compared with a pylon station. The first deep column station in the world is Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro), Mayakovskaya, designed by Alexey Dushkin and opened in 1938 in Moscow Metro. 1938 Sambo (martial art), Sambo * Sambo (an acronym, Самбо stands for САМооборона-Без-Оружия, meaning "self-defence without weapons") is modern martial art, combat sport and self-defense system developed in the Soviet Union and recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee in 1938, presented by Anatoly Kharlampiev. 1939 Kirlian photography * By Semyon Kirlian 1939 Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 * The world's first tail rotor helicopter and first amphibious helicopter by Igor Sikorsky. 1939 ''Ilyushin Il-2'' * The world's List of most produced aircraft, most produced combat aircraft. 1939 Multiple rocket launcher, Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher * ''Katyusha rocket launcher'' File:Camalot number 6.JPG, Spring-loaded camming device in a parallel crack. File:MC-3 pressure suit front.JPG, Pressure suit. File:Underwater welding.jpg, A modern underwater welding. File:ANT-20.jpg, ''Tupolev ANT-20'' propaganda aircraft. File:Кирзовые_сапоги_российского_солдата.jpg, Kirza boots. File:Kirl66 g.png, Kirlian photography, Kirlian photo of two coins.


1940s

1940s Ballast cleaner 1940s TRIZ 1940s Sikorsky R-4 * The R-4 was the world's first mass-produced helicopter and the first helicopter used by the United States Army Air Forces, Navy, Coast Guard, and the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. 1940 ''T-34, T-34 tank'' * by Mikhail Koshkin, the most produced tank of World War II 1941 Rhythmic gymnastics, Competitive rhythmic gymnastics 1941 Maksutov telescope * by Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov 1941 Degaussing * by Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, independently from Charles F. Goodeve 1942 Winged tank * Antonov A-40 by Oleg Antonov (aircraft designer), Oleg Antonov 1942 Gramicidin S * by Georgy Gause 1944 Microtron 1944 EPR spectroscopy * by Yevgeny Zavoisky 1945 ''T-54/55 tank'' * World's most produced tank. 1945 Passive resonant cavity bug * by Léon Theremin 1946 Heart-lung transplant * by Vladimir Demikhov 1947 Multistage rocket, Modern multistage rocket * by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky 1947 ''MiG-15'' * World's List of most produced aircraft, most produced jet aircraft. 1947 ''
AK-47 The AK-47, officially known as the ''Avtomat Kalashnikova'' (; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is a gas operated, gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian s ...
'' * The AK-47 (other names include Avtomat Kalashnikova, Kalashnikov, or AK) is a selective fire, gas operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. The AK-47 was one of the first true assault rifles. It has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with regular armed forces as well as irregular, revolutionary and terrorist organizations worldwide. Even after six decades, due to its durability, low production cost and ease of use, the original AK-47 and its numerous variants are the most widely used and popular assault rifles in the world; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.Poyer, Joe. ''The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations''. North Cape Publications. 2004. 1947 Lung transplant * by Vladimir Demikhov 1947 Laser microphone, Light beam microphone * The technique of using a light beam to remotely record sound probably originated with Léon Theremin in the Soviet Union at or before 1947, when he developed and used the Buran eavesdropping system. This worked by using a low power infrared beam (not a laser) from a distance to detect the sound vibrations in the glass windows. Lavrentiy Beria, head of the KGB, used this Buran device to spy on the U.S., British, and French embassies in Moscow 1949 ''Staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion cycle'' * Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev, Aleksei Isaev proposed the staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion cycle widely used in rocket engines. 1949 ''Reactive armour'' File:Char T-34.jpg, T-34, the most successful tank design of World War II. File:Maksutov 150mm.jpg, A 150mm aperture Maksutov telescope, Maksutov-Cassegrain reflector, Cassegrain telescope. File:AntonovA40.jpg, Antonov A-40 winged tank. File:MiG-15 RB2.jpg, Front view of a MiG-15. File:AK-47 type II noBG.png, A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation


1950s

1950s Head transplant * The first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov) 1950s Magnetotellurics * by Andrey Nikolayevich Tikhonov 1950 MESM * The first universally programmable electronic computer in continental Europe, developed by Sergey Alexeyevich Lebedev, Sergey Lebedev. 1950 Berkovich tip 1951 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction 1951 Explosively pumped flux compression generator 1952 Masers * Invention of the first masers by Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov who later shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for invention and development of laser technologies with Charles Townes. 1952 Seven Sisters (Moscow) 1952 Carbon nanotubes * A 2006 editorial written by Marc Monthioux and Vladimir Kuznetsov in the journal ''Carbon'' described the interesting and often misstated origin of the carbon nanotube. A large percentage of academic and popular literature attributes the discovery of hollow, nanometer-size tubes composed of graphitic carbon to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991. In 1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich published clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon in the Soviet ''Journal of Physical Chemistry''. This discovery was largely unnoticed, as the article was published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures. 1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus * by Gavril Ilizarov 1954 Nuclear power plant * Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant by Igor Kurchatov 1955 ''MiG-21'' * World's List of most produced aircraft, most produced supersonic aircraft. 1955 Ballistic missile submarine * R-11 Zemlya submarine-launched ballistic missile by Victor Makeev, Project 611 ballistic missile submarine 1955 Fast-neutron reactor * BN350 nuclear fast reactor. 1955 ''Leningrad Metro'' 1955 Tokamak * The Tokamak T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first ever quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction. The first actual experimental tokamak was built in 1955. The Tokamak design plays the basic role in modern projects for power generation based on thermonuclear fusion like ITER. 1957 ANS synthesizer 1957 Synchrophasotron 1957 Spaceport * Baikonur Cosmodrome launch complex by Vladimir Barmin 1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile * The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, ''R-7 Semyorka'', was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953 and 1957. 1957 Orbital spaceflight, Orbital space rocket * The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as a first space rocket and expendable launch system, ''R-7 Semyorka'', was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953 and 1957. 1957 Satellite, Artificial satellite * Sputnik 1, the first Earth-orbiting artificial
satellite A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have an electricity generation system for equipment on board, such as solar panels or radioisotope ...
. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. 1957 Space capsule * Sputnik 2 1957 ''Raketa (hydrofoil), Raketa hydrofoil'' * by Rostislav Alexeyev 1958 Ternary computer, Modern ternary computer * Setun, by Nikolay Brusentsov 1959 Nuclear icebreaker * A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a purpose-built ship with nuclear marine propulsion, nuclear propulsion for use in waters continuously covered with ice. Nuclear-powered icebreakers are far more powerful than their Diesel engine, diesel powered counterparts, and have been constructed by
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
primarily to aid shipping in the frozen
Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...
waterways in the north of
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, along the Northern Sea Route. NS ''Lenin (nuclear icebreaker), Lenin'' was the world's first nuclear icebreaker, launched in 1957 at the Admiralty Shipyard and completed in 1959. 1959 Space probe * Luna 1, also the first Escape velocity, escape velocity spacecraft and the first Sun satellite. 1959 Missile boat * Komar-class missile boat 1959 Kleemenko cycle 1959 Staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion cycle File:Berkovich.jpg, A Berkovich tip. File:FlyingThroughNanotube.png, Inside a carbon nanotube. File:Ilizarov2.jpg, An Ilizarov apparatus treating a fractured tibia and fibula. File:Shevchenko BN350.gif, BN350 nuclear fast reactor. File:Tokamak fields lg.png, Tokamak magnetic field and plasma (physics), plasma current. File:Baikonur Cosmodrome Soyuz launch pad.jpg, Baikonur Cosmodrome's "Gagarin's Start" Soyuz (rocket family), Soyuz launch pad prior to the rollout of Soyuz TMA-13, October 10, 2008. File:Semyorka Rocket R7 by Sergei Korolyov in VDNH Ostankino RAF0540.jpg, The large-size model of R-7 Semyorka, the first
ICBM An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than , primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads). Conventional, chemical, and biological weapons c ...
and the first Orbital spaceflight, orbital rocket. File:Sputnik asm.jpg, Sputnik 1 replica. File:Raketa 234.jpg, ''Raketa (hydrofoil), Raketa-234'' on the Volga River. File:183R.JPG, A Komar-class missile boat launching a missile. File:Lenin icebreaker.JPG, ''Lenin (1957 icebreaker), Lenin'', the first nuclear icebreaker File:Staged combustion rocket cycle.png, Staged combustion cycle (rocket), Staged combustion rocket cycle.


1960s

1960s Rocket boots 1960 Reentry capsule * Sputnik 5 1961 Human spaceflight * Vostok 1 (russian: Восток-1, ''Orient 1'' or ''East 1'') was the first human spaceflight. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on 12 April 1961, taking into space Yuri Gagarin, a astronaut, cosmonaut from the Soviet Union. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time anyone had journeyed into outer space and the first time anyone had entered into Orbit (celestial mechanics), orbit. The Vostok 1 was launched by the Soviet space program and supervised by the Soviet rocket scientist Sergey Korolyov. 1961 ''RPG-7'' 1961 Lawrencium * Co-discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna Nuclear Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1961 Anti-ballistic missile * by Pyotr Grushin 1961 Space food 1961 Space suit 1961 ''Tsar Bomb'' * The most powerful weapon ever tested. The Tsar Bomba was a three-stage Teller–Ulam design hydrogen bomb with a yield of 50 to 58 megatons of TNT (210 to 240 PJ). This is equivalent to about 1,350–1,570 times the combined power of the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 10 times the combined power of all the conventional explosives used in World War II, or one quarter of the estimated yield of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, and 10% of the combined yield of all nuclear tests to date. 1961 Platform screen doors * Park Pobedy (Saint Petersburg Metro) 1961 Ekranoplan * by Rostislav Alexeyev 1961 ''Mil Mi-8'' * The world's List of most produced aircraft, most-produced helicopter 1962 Detonation nanodiamond 1962 AVL tree, AVL tree datastructure 1962 Holography, 3D holography * by Yuri Denisyuk 1962 Stealth technology, Modern stealth technology * by Petr Ufimtsev 1963 KTM-5 *The most produced tram in the world. 1963 Oxygen cocktail 1964 Rutherfordium 1964 ''Druzhba pipeline'' * The longest oil pipeline system in the world. 1964 Plasma propulsion engine * Pulsed plasma thruster 1964 Kardashev scale, Kardashyov scale 1965 Extra-vehicular activity 1965 Molniya orbit, Molniya orbit satellite 1965 Voitenko compressor 1965 ''Proton (rocket), Proton rocket'' * Comparison of heavy lift launch systems, The most used Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, heavy lift launch system 1965 Air-augmented rocket * by Boris Shavyrin 1966 Nobelium 1966 Lander (spacecraft), Lander spacecraft * Luna 9 by Georgy Babakin 1966 Orbiter * Luna 10 1966 Regional jet * The Yakovlev Yak-40 was the world's first regional jet. 1966 Caspian Sea Monster * The largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft by Rostislav Alexeyev 1966 ''Soyuz (rocket family), Soyuz rocket'' * According to the European Space Agency, the Soyuz launch vehicle is the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world. 1966 Orbital module * Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft 1967 Space toilet * Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft 1967 ''Ostankino Tower'' 1967 ''The Motherland Calls'' 1967 Computer for operations with functions 1967 Space docking, Automated space docking * Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188 1967 Venera, Venus lander * ''Venera 4'' 1968 Dubnium 1968 ''Mil V-12'' * The largest helicopter ever built. 1968 Supersonic transport * Tupolev Tu-144 1969 Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko * By Klim Churyumov and Svetlana Gerasimenko 1969 Intercontinental Submarine-launched ballistic missile * R-29 Vysota File:RPG-7 detached.jpg, tAn RPG-7 with warhead, world's most used anti-tank weapon. File:Vostok spacecraft.jpg, The model of Vostok program, Vostok spacecraft, the first human spaceflight module. File:Russian space food.jpg, Russian space food. File:Tsar Bomba Revised.jpg, A
Tsar Bomba The Tsar Bomba () ( code name: ''Ivan'' or ''Vanya''), also known by the alphanumerical designation "AN602", was a thermonuclear aerial bomb, and the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created and tested. Overall, the Soviet physicist Andrei Sa ...
-type casing on display at Sarov. File:Mi-8 Hip Roving Sands 99.jpg, Mil Mi-8, the world's most produced helicopter. File:Molniya-1 satellite.jpg, Molniya (satellite), Molniya 1 satellite. File:Proton Zvezda crop.jpg, Launch of a Proton (rocket), Proton rocket. File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg, Soyuz (spacecraft), Soyuz spacecraft (TMA version). File:MI-12.JPG, Mil V-12, the world's largest helicopter.


1970s

1970s Heterojunction, Semiconductor Heterostructures * Creation by Zhores Alferov of Heterojunction, Semiconductor Heterostructures which play important role in modern electronics (Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000). 1970s Radial keratotomy * by Svyatoslav Fyodorov 1970 Excimer laser 1970 Sample return mission, Robotic sample return * Luna 16 1970 Rover (space exploration), Space rover * Lunokhod 1, the first space exploration rover, reached the Moon surface on 17 November 1970. 1971 Space station * Salyut 1 (DOS-1) (russian: Салют-1; en, Salute 1) was launched 19 April 1971. It was the first space station to orbit Earth. Developed under supervision of Vladimir Chelomey. 1971 Kaissa (chess program) * Kaissa became the first World Computer Chess Championship, computer chess world champion in 1974. 1972 Hall effect thruster 1972 Mil Mi-24 1972 Desalination, Nuclear desalination * BN-350 reactor 1973 Reflectron * By Boris Aleksandrovich Mamyrin 1973 Skull crucible * The first commercially viable process to manufacture cubic zirconia. 1974 Electron cooling * Electron cooling was invented by Gersh Budker (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, INP, Novosibirsk) in 1966 as a way to increase luminosity of hadron colliders. It was first tested in 1974 with 68 MeV protons at NAP-M storage ring at INP. 1975 Underwater assault rifle * APS underwater assault rifle by Vladimir Simonov (engineer), Vladimir Simonov 1975 ''Arktika-class icebreaker'' * The ''Arktika'' class is a Russian and former Soviet Union, Soviet class of the world's most powerful nuclear icebreakers. Its pilot ship, NS ''Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker), Arktika'', was the second Soviet nuclear icebreaker, completed in 1975. She became the first surface ship to reach the North Pole, on 17 August 1977. 1975 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System * by Vladimir Syromyatnikov 1976 Close-in weapon system * AK-630 1976 Intercontinental ballistic missile#Modern ICBMs, Mobile ICBM * RT-21 Temp 2S by Alexander Nadiradze 1977 Vertical launching system * First installed on ''Russian cruiser Azov, Azov'', a Kara-class cruiser 1977 ''Kirov-class battlecruiser'' * The ''Kirov''-class battlecruisers of the Russian Navy are the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships (''i.e.'', not an aircraft carrier, assault ship or submarine) currently in active operation in the world. 1978 Cargo spacecraft 1978 Active protection system * Drozd system 1979 Radio telescope, Space-based radio telescope * the KRT-10 radio observatory (:ru:КРТ-10) File:RK2.png, Schematic diagram of the radial keratotomy with incisions shown. File:Russian stationary plasma thrusters.jpg, Hall effect thrusters. File:Shevchenko BN350 desalinati.jpg, BN-350 reactor, BN350 desalination unit, the first nuclear-heated desalination unit in the world. File:APS underwater rifle REMOV.jpg, APS underwater assault rifle. File:Russian Nuclear Icebreaker Arktika.jpg, Arktika (1972 nuclear icebreaker), NS ''Arktika'', the first surface ship to reach the North Pole. File:Moscow Parad 2008 Ballist.jpg, RT-2PM Topol, the first reliable mobile
ICBM An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than , primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads). Conventional, chemical, and biological weapons c ...
. File:Kirov-class battlecruiser.jpg, .


1980s

Kalina cycle * Invented and patented in the 1980s by Russian engineer Alexander Kalina. His invention included the first time development of a contiguous set of ammonia-water mixture thermodynamic properties, which provide the basis for unique power plant designs for different forms of power generation from different heat sources. 1980s EHF therapy * by Nikolay Devyatkov and Mikhail Golant 1980 ''
Typhoon-class submarine The Typhoon class, Soviet designation Project 941 ''Akula'' (russian: Акула, meaning "shark", NATO reporting name Typhoon), is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet ...
'' * The largest submarine ever built. 1981 ''Quantum dot'' * by Alexey Ekimov and Alexander Efros 1981 ''Tupolev Tu-160'' * The Tupolev Tu-160 is a supersonic, swing-wing, variable-geometry heavy bomber designed by the Soviet Union. Although several civil and military transport aircraft are bigger, the Tu-160 has the greatest total thrust, and the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft, and the highest top speed as well as one of the largest payloads of any current heavy bomber. Pilots of the Tu-160 call it the “White Swan”, due to its maneuverability and anti-flash white finish. 1982 Ejection seat, Helicopter ejection seat * Kamov Ka-50 1984 Tetris * by Alexey Pazhitnov 1986 Space station#Modular, Modular space station * ''Mir space station'' 1987 ''MIR (submersible), MIR submersible'' * The first to reach the seabed under the North Pole. Developed in cooperation with Finland. 1987 ''RD-170 (rocket engine), RD-170 rocket engine'' * The world's most powerful Liquid-fuel rocket, liquid-fuel rocket engine. 1988 ''Buran (spacecraft), Buran'' 1989 ''Kola Superdeep Borehole'' * The deepest borehole in the world. 1989 Supermaneuverability * Sukhoi Su-27, Pugachev's Cobra maneuver. 1989 ''Tupolev Tu-155'' * The world's first aircraft to use liquid hydrogen as fuel. File:Typhoon iced.jpg,
Typhoon-class submarine The Typhoon class, Soviet designation Project 941 ''Akula'' (russian: Акула, meaning "shark", NATO reporting name Typhoon), is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet ...
, covered with ice. File:Tetrominoes IJLO STZ Worlds.svg, Tetris figures. File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg, Mir space station. File:Su-27 Cobra 2b.png, A Su-27 performing the Cobra maneuver.


Early 1990s

1989-1991 BARS apparatus 1991 Thermoplan * The thermoplan is a Disk (mathematics), disc-shaped airship of Hybrid airship, hybrid type, currently under development in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. The key feature of thermoplan is its two section structure. The main section of the airship is filled with helium, while the other section is filled with air that can be heated or cooled by the engines. This design greatly improves the maneuverability, alongside the Disk (mathematics), disc shape which helps resist the powerful winds up to 20 metre per second. The projet was started in the late 1980s and the early 1990s, with the first working prototype tested in 1991. That was rather small airship, and the giant thermoplan wasn't built at that time due to the problems caused by the economy crisis of the 1990s. In the late 2000s (decade), the project was revived under the name ''Locomoskyner'' by the Russian company ''Locomosky'' in Ulyanovsk. 1991 Scramjet * The Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM) KHOLOD Hypersonic Flying Laboratory. First successful supersonic combustion ramjet flight demonstration.


Russian Federation


1990s

RD-180 Engine * Dual-combustion chamber, dual-nozzle rocket engine, derived from the RD-170 (rocket engine), RD-170 used in Soviet Union, Soviet Zenit rockets, and currently provides first-stage power for the United States, American Atlas V, Atlas V launch vehicle. 1992 Znamya (space mirror) 1992 Nuclotron * Nuclotron is the world's first superconductive synchrotron, exploited by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow Oblast. This particle accelerator is based on a miniature iron-shaped field superconductive magnets, and has a particle energy up to 7 GeV. It was built in 1987-1992 as a part of Dubna synchrophasotron modernisation program (the Nuclotron ring follows the outer perimeter of the synchrophasotron ring). 5 runs of about 1400 hours total duration have been provided by the present time. The most important experiments tested the cryomagnetic system of a novel type, and obtained data on nuclear collisions using internal target. 1993 Novichok agent, "Novichok" * "Novichok" is a series of chemical weapons developed between 1971 (USSR) and 1993 (Russia), significantly more potent than VX (nerve agent), VX and Soman. 1993 RAR (file format), RAR * by Eugene Roshal 1997 Two-level single-vault transfer station * Sportivnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro) 1998 ''Beriev Be-200'' * Four retractable water scoops, two forward and two aft of the fuselage step can be used to scoop a total of 12 tonnes of water in 14 seconds. 1998 Submarine-launched spacecraft * Russian submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk, Shtil' 1999 7z * By Igor Pavlov (programmer), Igor Pavlov 1999 Sea Launch * by Igor Spassky, multinational cooperation 1999 Flerovium File:Beriew Be-200 at MAKS-2009.jpg, Beriev Be-200 dropping the water painted into the colors of the flag of Russia. File:Sea Launch 01.jpg, A launch of Zenit 3SL rocket from the Sea Launch platform ''Ocean Odyssey'', originally built in Japan as oil platform, and then modified by Norway and
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
for space launches.


2000s

2000s Heterotransistor * By Zhores Alfyorov with Herbert Kroemer 2000 Livermorium 2000 Abstract state machine 2001 Space tourism 2001 ''Mirny Mine'' * The largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation. 2001 Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector 2003 ''Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro), Park Pobedy metro escalators'' * Longest metro escalators 2003 Nihonium 2003 Moscovium 2004 Nginx * One of the most widely used web server in the world, created by Igor Sysoev. 2004 Graphene * Creation of Graphene by Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim. They were awarded with Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 2010. 2005 Elbrus 2000 2005 Orbitrap * by Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov, Aleksandr Makarov 2006 Oganesson 2007 ''NS 50 Let Pobedy'' * NS 50 Let Pobedy is the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the largest
icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
in general. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by Baltic Works of Leningrad (now St Petersburg), and the ship was launched in 1993 as the NS ''Ural'', while completed in 2007 under a new name. This icebreaker is the sixth and last of the Arktika class icebreaker, Arktika class. The vessel was put into service by Murmansk Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers. 2007 ''Father of all bombs'' * Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power, nicknamed "Father of All Bombs", is a
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
n-made bomber, air-delivered/land activated thermobaric weapon, the most powerful Conventional weapon, conventional (non-Nuclear weapon, nuclear) weapon in the world. The bomb was successfully Live fire exercise, field-tested in the late evening of 11 September 2007. According to the Russian military, the new weapon will replace several smaller types of nuclear bombs in its arsenal. 2008 Denisovans * The third discovered kind of human. File:50 Let Pobedy.jpg, NS 50 Let Pobedy, the world's largest
icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
. File:Orbitrappe.png, Ion trajectories in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer.


2010s

2010 ''Chatroulette'' * The first randomized webcam chatroom 2010 ''Tennessine'' 2011 ''w:ru:71-409'' * The first Russian produced low-floor tram 2011 ''Nuclear power station barge'' * The first mass-produced portable nuclear power station 2011 ''Nord Stream 1'' * The longest offshore pipeline transport, pipeline 2011 ''Spektr-R'' * Space based radiotelescope with the highest angular resolution (RadioAstron project). 2012 ''Russky Island Bridge'' * The longest cable-stayed bridge 2015 ''OCSiAl Graphetron'' * industrial-scale production of carbon nanotubes 2016 ''T-14 Armata''


2020s

2020 ''COVID-19 vaccine'' * First vaccine of its kind (Gam-COVID-Vac) approved by governmental authorities.


See also

* List of Russian inventors * :Russian inventions * List of Russian scientists * List of Soviet calculators * Russian culture


References


External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Russian Inventions And Technology Records Russian history timelines, Inventions Russian inventions, * Science and technology in Russia History of science and technology in Russia Lists of inventions or discoveries, Russia Technology timelines Technology-related lists, Russian inventions