Quebec
Quebec (/k(w)ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen);[8] French: Québec
[kebɛk] ( listen))[9] is one of the thirteen provinces and
territories of Canada. It is bordered to the west by the province of
Ontario
Ontario and the bodies of water
James Bay
James Bay and Hudson Bay; to the north
by
Hudson Strait
Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay; to the east by the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; and to the
south by the province of
New Brunswick
New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders
with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec
Quebec is
Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest
administrative division; only the territory of
Nunavut
Nunavut is larger. It
is historically and politically considered to be part of Central
Canada
.svg/250px-Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg.png)
Canada (with Ontario).
Quebec
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada, after
Ontario.[10] It is the only one to have a predominantly
French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial
official language. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint
Lawrence River between
Montreal
Montreal and
Quebec
Quebec City, the capital.
Approximately half of
Quebec
Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal
Area, including the Island of Montreal. English-speaking communities
and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the
island of
Montreal
Montreal but are also significantly present in the
Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec
region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely
populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.[11] The
climate around the major cities is four-season continental with cold
and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers, but further
north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas
of the province are marked by tundra conditions.[12] Even in central
Quebec, at comparatively southerly latitudes, winters are severe in
inland areas.
Quebec
Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics
of the province.
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois governments held referendums on
sovereignty in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down by voters, the
latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[13] In 2006, the House of
Commons of
Canada
Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the
"Québécois as a nation within a united Canada."[14][15]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the
mainstay of its economy, sectors of the knowledge economy such as
aerospace, information and communication technologies, biotechnology,
and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many
industries have all contributed to helping
Quebec
Quebec become an
economically influential province within Canada, second only to
Ontario
Ontario in economic output.[16]
Contents
1 Etymology and boundary changes
2 Geography
2.1 Hydrography
2.2 Topography
2.3 Climate
2.4 Wildlife
2.5 Vegetation
3 History
3.1
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples and European exploration
3.2 New France
3.3
Seven Years' War
Seven Years' War and capitulation of New France
3.4
Quebec
Quebec Act
3.5 Effects of the American Revolution
3.5.1 Separation of the Province of Quebec
3.6 Patriotes' Rebellion in Lower Canada
3.7 Canadian Confederation
3.8 World War I and World War II
3.9 Quiet Revolution
3.9.1 October Crisis
3.10
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois and national unity
3.11 Statut particulier ("special status")
4 Government and politics
4.1 Administrative subdivisions
5 Demographics
5.1 Language
5.2 Population centres
6 Economy
6.1 Natural resources
7 Science and technology
8 Infrastructure
8.1 Transportation
8.2 Energy
9 Culture
9.1 Society
9.2 Music and dance
9.3 Film, television, and radio
9.4 Literature and theatre
9.5 Fine arts
9.6 Circus and street art
9.7 Heritage
9.8 Cuisine
9.9 Sports
10 National symbols
10.1 Other official symbols
10.2 Fête nationale (National Holiday)
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Notes
12.2 Journals
13 Further reading
14 External links
Etymology and boundary changes
The arrival of Samuel de Champlain, the father of New France, on the
site of
Quebec
Quebec City
The name "Québec", which comes from the Algonquin word kébec meaning
"where the river narrows", originally referred to the area around
Quebec City
Quebec City where the
Saint Lawrence River
Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff-lined
gap. Early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq
(Levasseur, 1601) and Kébec (Lescarbot, 1609).[17] French explorer
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial
outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony
of New France.[18] The province is sometimes referred to as "La belle
province" ("The beautiful province").
The Province of
Quebec
Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763
after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of
Canada[19] to Britain after the Seven Years' War. The proclamation
restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint
Lawrence River. The
Quebec Act
.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_(1714-1801).svg.png)
Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the territory of the
province to include the
Great Lakes
Great Lakes and the
Ohio River
Ohio River Valley and
south of Rupert's Land, more or less restoring the borders previously
existing under French rule before the Conquest.[20] The Treaty of
Versailles ceded territories south of the
Great Lakes
Great Lakes to the United
States.[21] After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was
divided between Lower
Canada
Canada (present-day Quebec) and Upper Canada
(present-day Ontario), with each being granted an elected legislative
assembly.[22] In 1840, these become
Canada
Canada East and
Canada
Canada West after
the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower
Canada
Canada into the
Province of Canada.[23] This territory was redivided into the
Provinces of
Quebec
Quebec and
Ontario
Ontario at Confederation in 1867.[24] Each
became one of the first four provinces.
In 1870,
Canada
Canada purchased
Rupert's Land
Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company
and over the next few decades the
Parliament of Canada
Parliament of Canada transferred to
Quebec
Quebec portions of this territory that would more than triple the size
of the province.[25] In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first
Quebec
Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries
northward to include the lands of the local aboriginal peoples.[26]
This was followed by the addition of the
District of Ungava
District of Ungava through
the
Quebec
Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the
northernmost lands of the
Inuit
Inuit to create the modern Province of
Quebec.[26] In 1927, the border between
Quebec
Quebec and Newfoundland and
Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council.
Quebec
Quebec officially disputes this boundary.[27]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Quebec
Map of Quebec
Located in the eastern part of Canada, and (from a historical and
political perspective) part of Central Canada,
Quebec
Quebec occupies a
territory nearly three times the size of France or Texas, most of
which is very sparsely populated.[28] Its topography is very different
from one region to another due to the varying composition of the
ground, the climate (latitude and altitude), and the proximity to
water. The Saint Lawrence Lowland (south) and the Canadian Shield
(north) are the two main topographic regions, and are radically
different.[29]
Hydrography
Quebec
Quebec has one of the world's largest reserves of fresh water,[30]
occupying 12% of its surface.[31] It has 3% of the world's renewable
fresh water, whereas it has only 0.1% of its population.[32] More than
half a million lakes,[30] including 30 with an area greater than 250
square kilometres (97 sq mi), and 4,500 rivers[30] pour
their torrents into the Atlantic Ocean, through the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence and the
Arctic
Arctic Ocean, by James, Hudson, and Ungava bays. The
largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir, created in
the realization of the
James Bay
James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric
power.
Lake Mistassini
Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec.[33]
Michel's falls on
Ashuapmushuan River
Ashuapmushuan River in Saint-Félicien,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
The
Saint Lawrence River
Saint Lawrence River has some of the world's largest sustaining
inland Atlantic ports at
Montreal
Montreal (the province's largest city),
Trois-Rivières, and
Quebec City
Quebec City (the capital). Its access to the
Atlantic Ocean and the interior of North America made it the base of
early French exploration and settlement in the 17th and 18th
centuries. Since 1959, the
Saint Lawrence Seaway
Saint Lawrence Seaway has provided a
navigable link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.
Northeast of
Quebec
Quebec City, the river broadens into the world's largest
estuary, the feeding site of numerous species of whales, fish, and
seabirds.[34] The river empties into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. This
marine environment sustains fisheries and smaller ports in the Lower
Saint Lawrence (Bas-Saint-Laurent), Lower North Shore (Côte-Nord),
and Gaspé (Gaspésie) regions of the province. The Saint Lawrence
River with its estuary forms the basis of Quebec's development through
the centuries. At the same time, many affluent rivers testify to the
exploration of land, among them Ashuapmushuan, Chaudière, Gatineau,
Manicouagan, Ottawa, Richelieu, Rupert, Saguenay, Saint-François, and
Saint-Maurice.
Topography
Jacques-Cartier River
Quebec's highest point at 1,652 metres is Mont d'Iberville, known in
English as Mount Caubvick, located on the border with Newfoundland and
Labrador in the northeastern part of the province, in the Torngat
Mountains.[35] The most populous physiographic region is the Saint
Lawrence Lowland. It extends northeastward from the southwestern
portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River
to the
Quebec City
Quebec City region, limited to the North by the Laurentian
Mountains and to the South by the Appalachians. It mainly covers the
areas of the Centre-du-Québec, Laval,
Montérégie
Montérégie and Montreal, the
southern regions of the Capitale-Nationale, Lanaudière, Laurentides,
Mauricie
Mauricie and includes Anticosti Island, the Mingan Archipelago,[36]
and other small islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests
ecoregion.[37] Its landscape is low-lying and flat, except for
isolated igneous outcrops near
Montreal
Montreal called the Monteregian Hills,
formerly covered by the waters of Lake Champlain. The Oka hills also
rise from the plain. Geologically, the lowlands formed as a rift
valley about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but
significant earthquakes.[29] The most recent layers of sedimentary
rock were formed as the seabed of the ancient
Champlain Sea
Champlain Sea at the end
of the last ice age about 14,000 years ago.[38] The combination of
rich and easily arable soils and Quebec's relatively warm climate
makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec
province. Mixed forests provide most of Canada's springtime maple
syrup crop. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow
rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to
settlement patterns in 17th century New France.
Autumn landscape of Haute-Gaspésie
More than 95% of Quebec's territory lies within the Canadian
Shield.[39] It is generally a quite flat and exposed mountainous
terrain interspersed with higher points such as the Laurentian
Mountains in southern Quebec, the
Otish Mountains
Otish Mountains in central Quebec
and the
Torngat Mountains
Torngat Mountains near Ungava Bay. The topography of the
Shield has been shaped by glaciers from the successive ice ages, which
explains the glacial deposits of boulders, gravel and sand, and by sea
water and post-glacial lakes that left behind thick deposits of clay
in parts of the Shield. The
Canadian Shield
Canadian Shield also has a complex
hydrological network of perhaps a million lakes, bogs, streams and
rivers. It is rich in the forestry, mineral and hydro-electric
resources that are a mainstay of the
Quebec
Quebec economy. Primary
industries sustain small cities in regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, and Côte-Nord.
Mont Tremblant Resort, Laurentian Mountains
The
Labrador Peninsula
Labrador Peninsula is covered by the Laurentian Plateau (or
Canadian Shield), dotted with mountains such as Otish Mountains. The
Ungava Peninsula
Ungava Peninsula is notably composed of D'Youville mountains,
Puvirnituq mountains and Pingualuit crater. While low and medium
altitude peak from western
Quebec
Quebec to the far north, high altitudes
mountains emerge in the
Capitale-Nationale
Capitale-Nationale region to the extreme east,
along its longitude. In the
Labrador Peninsula
Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield,
the far northern region of
Nunavik
Nunavik includes the
Ungava Peninsula
Ungava Peninsula and
consists of flat
Arctic
Arctic tundra inhabited mostly by the Inuit. Further
south lie the subarctic taiga of the Eastern
Canadian Shield
Canadian Shield taiga
ecoregion and the boreal forest of the Central Canadian Shield
forests, where spruce, fir, and poplar trees provide raw materials for
Quebec's pulp and paper and lumber industries. Although the area is
inhabited principally by the Cree, Naskapi, and Innu First Nations,
thousands of temporary workers reside at Radisson to service the
massive
James Bay
James Bay Hydroelectric Project on the La Grande and Eastmain
rivers. The southern portion of the shield extends to the Laurentians,
a mountain range just north of the Saint Lawrence Lowland, that
attracts local and international tourists to ski hills and lakeside
resorts.
The Appalachian region of
Quebec
Quebec has a narrow strip of ancient
mountains along the southeastern border of Quebec. The Appalachians
are actually a huge chain that extends from
Alabama
Alabama to Newfoundland.
In between, it covers in
Quebec
Quebec near 800 km (497 mi), from
the
Montérégie
Montérégie hills to the Gaspé Peninsula. In western Quebec, the
average altitude is about 500 metres, while in the Gaspé Peninsula,
the Appalachian peaks (especially the Chic-Choc) are among the highest
in Quebec, exceeding 1000 metres.
Climate
Köppen climate types of Quebec
Quebec
Quebec has three main climate regions. Southern and western Quebec,
including most of the major population centres, have a humid
continental climate (
Köppen climate classification
.svg/1100px-World_Köppen_Classification_(with_authors).svg.png)
Köppen climate classification Dfb) with four
distinct seasons having warm to occasionally hot and humid summers and
often very cold and snowy winters.[40] The main climatic influences
are from western and northern
Canada
Canada and move eastward, and from the
southern and central United States that move northward. Because of the
influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the
Atlantic Ocean, precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with
most areas receiving more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) of
precipitation, including over 300 centimetres (120 in) of snow in
many areas.[41] During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as
tornadoes and severe thunderstorms) occur occasionally.[42] Most of
central
Quebec
Quebec has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc). Winters are
long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada,
while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and
the greater influence of
Arctic
Arctic air masses. Precipitation is also
somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher
elevations. The northern regions of
Quebec
Quebec have an arctic climate
(Köppen ET), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers.
The primary influences in this region are the
Arctic
Arctic Ocean currents
(such as the Labrador Current) and continental air masses from the
High Arctic.
Baie-Saint-Paul
Baie-Saint-Paul during winter
The four seasons in
Quebec
Quebec are spring, summer, autumn and winter, with
conditions differing by region. They are then differentiated according
to the insolation, temperature and precipitation of snow and rain.[43]
At
Quebec
Quebec City, the length of the daily sunshine varies from 8:37 hrs
in December to 15:50 hrs in June; the annual variation is much greater
(from 4:54 to 19:29 hrs) at the northern tip of the province.[44] From
temperate zones to the northern territories of the Far North, the
brightness varies with latitude, as well as the Northern Lights and
midnight sun.
Quebec
Quebec is divided into four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, humid
continental and East maritime. From south to north, average
temperatures range in summer between 25 and 5 °C (77 and
41 °F) and, in winter, between −10 and −25 °C (14 and
−13 °F).[45][46] In periods of intense heat and cold,
temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer[47] and
−40 °C (−40 °F) during the
Quebec
Quebec winter,[47] They may
vary depending on the
Humidex or Wind chill.
The all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was
established in winter 2007–2008, with more than five metres[48] of
snow in the area of
Quebec
Quebec City, while the average amount received per
winter is around three metres.[49] March 1971, however, saw the
"Century's Snowstorm" with more than 40 centimetres (16 in) in
Montreal
Montreal to 80 centimetres (31 in) in Mont Apica of snow within
24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec. Also, the winter of 2010
was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years.[50]
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations
in Quebec[51]
Location
July (°C)
July (°F)
January (°C)
January (°F)
Montreal
26/16
79/61
−5/−14
22/7
Gatineau
26/15
79/60
−6/−15
21/5
Quebec
Quebec City
25/13
77/56
−8/−18
17/0
Trois-Rivières
25/14
78/58
−7/−17
19/1
Sherbrooke
24/11
76/53
−6/−18
21/0
Saguenay
24/12
75/54
−10/−21
14/−6
Matagami
23/9
73/48
−13/−26
8/−16
Kuujjuaq
17/6
63/43
−20/−29
−4/−20
Inukjuak
13/5
56/42
−21/−28
−6/−19
Wildlife
The large land wildlife is mainly composed of the white-tailed deer,
the moose, the muskox, the caribou, the
American black bear
American black bear and the
polar bear. The average land wildlife includes the cougar, the coyote,
the eastern wolf, the bobcat (wild cat), the
Arctic
Arctic fox, the fox, etc.
The small animals seen most commonly include the eastern grey
squirrel, the snowshoe hare, the groundhog, the skunk, the raccoon,
the chipmunk and the Canadian beaver.
Biodiversity of the estuary and gulf of Saint Lawrence River[52]
consists of an aquatic mammal wildlife, of which most goes upriver
through the estuary and the
Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park
Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park until
the
Île d'Orléans
Île d'Orléans (French for Orleans Island), such as the blue
whale, the beluga, the minke whale and the harp seal (earless seal).
Among the Nordic marine animals, there are two particularly important
to cite: the walrus and the narwhal.[53]
Snowy owl: official bird of Quebec
Inland waters are populated by small to large fresh water fish, such
as the largemouth bass, the American pickerel, the walleye, the
Acipenser oxyrinchus, the muskellunge, the Atlantic cod, the Arctic
char, the brook trout, the
Microgadus tomcod
Microgadus tomcod (tomcod), the Atlantic
salmon, the rainbow trout, etc.[54]
Among the birds commonly seen in the southern inhabited part of
Quebec, there are the American robin, the house sparrow, the
red-winged blackbird, the mallard, the common grackle, the blue jay,
the American crow, the black-capped chickadee, some warblers and
swallows, the starling and the rock pigeon, the latter two having been
introduced in
Quebec
Quebec and are found mainly in urban areas.[55] Avian
fauna includes birds of prey like the golden eagle, the peregrine
falcon, the snowy owl and the bald eagle. Sea and semi-aquatic birds
seen in
Quebec
Quebec are mostly the
Canada
Canada goose, the double-crested
cormorant, the northern gannet, the European herring gull, the great
blue heron, the sandhill crane, the
Atlantic puffin
Atlantic puffin and the common
loon.[56] Many more species of land, maritime or avian wildlife are
seen in Quebec, but most of the Quebec-specific species and the most
commonly seen species are listed above.
Some livestock have the title of "Québec heritage breed", namely the
Canadian horse, the Chantecler chicken and the Canadian cow.[57]
Moreover, in addition to food certified as "organic", Charlevoix lamb
is the first local
Quebec
Quebec product whose geographical indication is
protected.[58] Livestock production also includes the pig breeds
Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire[59] and many breeds of sheep[60] and
cattle.
The Wildlife Foundation of
Quebec
Quebec and the Data Centre on Natural
Heritage of
Quebec
Quebec (CDPNQ)(French acronym)[61] are the main agencies
working with officers for wildlife conservation in Quebec.
Vegetation
Taiga
Taiga forest in Gaspé, Québec, Canada
Given the geology of the province and its different climates, there is
an established number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec. These
areas, listed in order from the northernmost to the southernmost are:
the tundra, the taiga, the Canadian boreal forest (coniferous), mixed
forest and deciduous forest.[39]
On the edge of the
Ungava Bay
Ungava Bay and
Hudson Strait
Hudson Strait is the tundra, whose
flora is limited to a low vegetation of lichen with only less than 50
growing days a year. The tundra vegetation survives an average annual
temperature of −8 °C (18 °F). The tundra covers more
than 24% of the area of Quebec.[39] Further south, the climate is
conducive to the growth of the Canadian boreal forest, bounded on the
north by the taiga.
The different forest areas of Quebec
Not as arid as the tundra, the taiga is associated with the sub-Arctic
regions of the Canadian Shield[62] and is characterized by a greater
number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species, many of which
live there all year. The taiga covers about 20% of the total area of
Quebec.[39] The Canadian boreal forest is the northernmost and most
abundant of the three forest areas in
Quebec
Quebec that straddle the
Canadian Shield
Canadian Shield and the upper lowlands of the province. Given a warmer
climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are
about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species. The Canadian
boreal forest covers 27% of the area of Quebec.[39] The mixed forest
is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and deciduous
forest. By virtue of its transient nature, this area contains a
diversity of habitats resulting in large numbers of plant (1000) and
vertebrates (350) species, despite relatively cool temperatures. The
ecozone mixed forest covers 11.5% of the area of
Quebec
Quebec and is
characteristic of the Laurentians, the Appalachians and the eastern
lowlands forests.[62] The third most northern forest area is
characterized by deciduous forests. Because of its climate (average
annual temperature of 7 °C (45 °F)), it is in this area
that one finds the greatest diversity of species, including more than
1600 vascular plants and 440 vertebrates. Its relatively long growing
season lasts almost 200 days and its fertile soils make it the centre
of agricultural activity and therefore of urbanization of Quebec. Most
of Quebec's population lives in this area of vegetation, almost
entirely along the banks of the St. Lawrence.
Deciduous
Deciduous forests cover
approximately 6.6% of the area of Quebec.[39]
The total forest area of
Quebec
Quebec is estimated at 750,300 square
kilometres (289,700 sq mi).[63] From the
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Abitibi-Témiscamingue to the North Shore, the forest is composed
primarily of conifers such as the Abies balsamea, the jack pine, the
white spruce, the black spruce and the tamarack. Some species of
deciduous trees such as the yellow birch appear when the river is
approached in the south. The deciduous forest of the Saint Lawrence
Lowlands is mostly composed of deciduous species such as the sugar
maple, the red maple, the white ash, the American beech, the butternut
(white walnut), the American elm, the basswood, the bitternut hickory
and the northern red oak as well as some conifers such as the eastern
white pine and the northern whitecedar. The distribution areas of the
paper birch, the trembling aspen and the mountain ash cover more than
half of
Quebec
Quebec territory.[64]
History
Main article: History of Quebec
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples and European exploration
Glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway, 7,900 BPE.
At the time of first European contact and later colonization,
Algonquian,
Iroquois
Iroquois and
Inuit
Inuit nations controlled what is now
Quebec.[65] Their lifestyles and cultures reflected the land on which
they lived. Algonquians organized into seven political entities lived
nomadic lives based on hunting, gathering, and fishing in the rugged
terrain of the
Canadian Shield
Canadian Shield (
James Bay
James Bay Cree, Innu, Algonquins) and
Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Mountains (Mi'kmaq, Abenaki).[66] St. Lawrence Iroquoians,
a branch of the Iroquois, lived more settled lives, growing corn,
beans and squash in the fertile soils of the St. Lawrence Valley. They
appear to have been later supplanted by the Mohawk nation.[67] The
Inuit
Inuit continue to fish and hunt whale and seal in the harsh Arctic
climate along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bay.[68] These people
traded fur and food and sometimes warred with each other.
New France
Main article: New France
A depiction of
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, 1844. No
contemporary likeness of Cartier has been found to exist.[69]
Around 1522–1523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano
persuaded
King Francis I of France
King Francis I of France to commission an expedition to find
a western route to
Cathay
Cathay (China). In 1534, Breton explorer Jacques
Cartier planted a cross in the
Gaspé Peninsula
Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land
in the name of King Francis I.[70] It was the first province of New
France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met
with failure.[70] French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to
the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances
with
First Nations
First Nations that would become important once France began to
occupy the land.[71]
Three Huron-Wyandot chiefs from Wendake in Quebec.
New France
New France had
largely peaceful relations with the indigenous people such as their
allies the Huron. After the defeat of the Huron by their mutual
enemies the
Iroquois
Iroquois many fled from
Ontario
Ontario to Quebec.
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain was part of a 1603 expedition from France that
travelled into the St. Lawrence River.[72] In 1608, he returned as
head of an exploration party and founded
Quebec City
Quebec City with the
intention of making the area part of the French colonial
empire.[73][74][75] Champlain's Habitation de Québec, built as a
permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and
ultimately a military alliance, with the Algonquin and Huron
nations.[76]
First Nations
First Nations traded their furs for many French goods
such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.
Coureurs des bois, voyageurs and
Catholic
Catholic missionaries used river
canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent.[77]
They establishing fur trading forts on the
Great Lakes
Great Lakes (Étienne
Brûlé 1615),
Hudson Bay
Hudson Bay (Radisson and Groseilliers 1659–60), Ohio
River and
Mississippi River
Mississippi River (La Salle 1682), as well as the
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan River and
Missouri River
Missouri River (de la Verendrye
1734–1738).[78]
After 1627, King
Louis XIII of France
.jpg/440px-Luis_XIII,_rey_de_Francia_(Philippe_de_Champaigne).jpg)
Louis XIII of France allowed the Company of New
France to introduced the seigneurial system and forbade settlement in
New France
New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics.[79]
In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, to English
privateers led by
David Kirke
David Kirke during the Thirty Years' War. However,
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was
illegal as the war had already ended; he worked to have the lands
returned to France. As part of the ongoing negotiations of their exit
from the Anglo-French War, in 1632 the English king Charles agreed to
return the lands in exchange for Louis XIII paying his wife's dowry.
These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of
Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The lands in
Quebec
Quebec and
Acadia
Acadia were returned to
the French Company of One Hundred Associates.
New France
New France became a Royal Province in 1663 under King Louis XIV of
France with a Sovereign Council that included intendant Jean
Talon.[80] The population grew slowly under French rule,[81] thus
remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural
births, rather than by immigration.[82] To encourage population growth
and to redress the severe imbalance between single men and women, King
Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French
women (known as les filles du roi) to the colony. Most of the French
were farmers ("Canadiens" or "Habitants"), and the rate of population
growth among the settlers themselves was very high.[83]
Seven Years' War
Seven Years' War and capitulation of New France
Main article: Seven Years' War
Authorities in
New France
New France became more aggressive in their efforts to
expel British traders and colonists from the Ohio Valley. They began
construction of a series of fortifications to protect the area.[84] In
1754,
George Washington
George Washington launched a surprise attack on a group of
Canadien soldiers sleeping in the early morning hours. It came at a
time when no declaration of war had been issued by either country.
This frontier aggression known as the Jumonville affair set the stage
for the
French and Indian War
French and Indian War (a US designation; in
Canada
Canada it is
usually referred to as the Seven Years' War, although French Canadians
often call it La guerre de la Conquête ["The War of
Conquest"][85][86]) in North America. By 1756, France and Britain were
battling the
Seven Years' War
Seven Years' War worldwide. In 1758, the British mounted
an attack on
New France
New France by sea and took the French fort at Louisbourg.
On September 13, 1759, the British forces of General James Wolfe
defeated those of French General
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on the
Plains of Abraham outside
Quebec
Quebec City. With the exception of the small
islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, located off the coast of
Newfoundland, France ceded its North American possessions to Great
Britain through the
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Treaty of Paris (1763) in favour of gaining the
island of
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe for its then-lucrative sugar cane industry.[87]
The British
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Royal Proclamation of 1763 renamed
Canada
Canada (part of New
France) as the Province of Quebec.
Quebec
Quebec Act
Main article:
Quebec
Quebec Act
The Province of
Quebec
Quebec in 1774
With unrest growing in the colonies to the south, which would one day
grow into the American Revolution, the British were worried that the
French-speaking
Canadians
.svg/600px-Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg.png)
Canadians might also support the growing rebellion. At
that time, French-speaking
Canadians
Canadians formed the vast majority of the
population of the province of
Quebec
Quebec (more than 99%) and British
immigration was not going well. To secure the allegiance of the
approximately 90,000 French-speaking
Canadians
Canadians to the British crown,
first Governor James Murray and later Governor Guy Carleton promoted
the need for change. There was also a need to compromise between the
conflicting demands of the French-speaking Canadian subjects and those
of newly arrived British subjects. These efforts by the colonial
governors eventually resulted in enactment of the
Quebec
Quebec Act[88] of
1774.
The
Quebec Act
Quebec Act provided the people of
Quebec
Quebec their first Charter of
Rights and paved the way to later official recognition of the French
language and French culture. The act also allowed
Canadiens
Canadiens to
maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion, allowing
the
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church to remain, one of the first cases in history
of state-sanctioned freedom of religious practice.[89]
Effects of the American Revolution
Although the
Quebec Act
Quebec Act was unrelated to the events in Boston of 1773,
and was not regarded as one of the Coercive Acts, the timing of its
passage led British colonists to the south to believe that it was part
of the program to punish them. The
Quebec Act
Quebec Act offended a variety of
interest groups in the British colonies. Land speculators and settlers
objected to the transfer of western lands previously claimed by the
colonies to a non-representative government. Many feared the
establishment of Catholicism in Quebec, and that the French Canadians
were being courted to help oppress British Americans.[90]
Defending
Quebec
Quebec from an American attack during the Battle of Quebec
in December 1775
On June 27, 1775, General
George Washington
George Washington decided to attempt an
invasion of
Canada
Canada by the American
Continental Army
Continental Army to wrest Quebec
and the St. Lawrence River from the British. the invasion failed when
British reinforcements came down the St. Lawrence in May 1776 and the
Battle of
Trois-Rivières
Trois-Rivières turned into a disaster for the Americans.
The army withdrew to Ticonderoga.[91] Although some help was given to
the Americans by the locals, Governor Carleton punished American
sympathizers and public support of the American cause came to an end.
In 1778,
Frederick Haldimand
Frederick Haldimand took over for Guy Carleton as governor of
Quebec.
The arrival of 10,000 Loyalists at
Quebec
Quebec in 1784 destroyed the
political balance that Haldimand (and Carleton before him) had worked
so hard to achieve. The swelling numbers of English encouraged them to
make greater demands for recognition with the colonial government.[92]
To restore stability to his largest remaining North American colony,
King George III sent Carleton back to
Quebec
Quebec to remedy the
situation.[93]
In ten years,
Quebec
Quebec had undergone a dramatic change. What worked for
Carleton in 1774 was not likely to succeed in 1784. Specifically,
there was no possibility of restoring the previous political balance
– there were simply too many English people unwilling to reach a
compromise with the 145,000
Canadiens
Canadiens or their colonial governor. The
situation called for a more creative approach to problem solving.[93]
Separation of the Province of Quebec
A Plan of the Inhabited Part of the Province of Quebec, c. 1785 by
James Peachey. Peter Winkworth Collection. Library and Archives
Canada, e000756679
Loyalists soon petitioned the government to be allowed to use the
British legal system they were used to in the American colonies. The
creation of Upper and Lower
Canada
Canada in 1791 allowed most Loyalists to
live under British laws and institutions, while the French-speaking
population of Lower
Canada
Canada could maintain their familiar French civil
law and the
Catholic
Catholic religion.[94] Therefore, Governor Haldimand (at
the suggestion of Carleton) drew Loyalists away from
Quebec City
Quebec City and
Montreal
Montreal by offering free land on the northern shore of Lake Ontario
to anyone willing to swear allegiance to George III. The Loyalists
were thus given land grants of 200 acres (81 ha) per person.
Basically, this approach was designed with the intent of keeping
French and English as far apart as possible. Therefore, after the
separation of the Province of Quebec, Lower
Canada
Canada and Upper Canada
were formed, each with its own government.[93]
Patriotes' Rebellion in Lower Canada
Main article: Lower
Canada
Canada Rebellion
The burning of the Parliament Buildings in
Montreal
Montreal occurred on the
night of April 25, 1849.
In 1837, residents of Lower
Canada
Canada – led by Louis-Joseph Papineau
and Robert Nelson – formed an armed resistance group to seek an end
to the unilateral control of the British governors.[95] They made a
Declaration of Rights with equality for all citizens without
discrimination and a Declaration of Independence of Lower-
Canada
Canada in
1838.[96] Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and Upper
Canada. An unprepared
British Army
British Army had to raise militia force; the
rebel forces scored a victory in Saint-Denis but were soon defeated.
After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and
prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British
Parliament to assess.[97] Following Durham's report,[97] the British
government merged the two colonial provinces into one Province of
Canada
Canada in 1840 with the Act of Union.[98] The two colonies remained
distinct in administration, election, and law.
In 1848, Baldwin and LaFontaine, allies and leaders of the Reformist
party, were asked by Lord Elgin to form an administration together
under the new policy of responsible government. The French language
subsequently regained legal status in the Legislature.[98]
Canadian Confederation
Main article: Canadian Confederation
In the 1860s, the delegates from the colonies of British North America
(Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and
Newfoundland) met in a series of conferences to discuss self-governing
status for a new confederation. The first
Charlottetown
Charlottetown Conference
took place in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, followed by the
Quebec
Quebec Conference in
Quebec City
Quebec City which led to a delegation going to
London, Britain, to put forth a proposal for a national union.[99]
As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the Parliament of the
United Kingdom passed the
British North America
British North America Acts, providing for
the Confederation of most of these provinces. The former Province of
Canada
Canada was divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of
Ontario
Ontario (Upper Canada) and
Quebec
Quebec (Lower Canada).
New Brunswick
New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia joined
Ontario
Ontario and
Quebec
Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada.
The other provinces then joined the Confederation, one after the
other:
Manitoba
Manitoba and the
Northwest Territories
Northwest Territories in 1870, British
Columbia in 1871,
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island in 1873,
Yukon
Yukon in 1898, Alberta
and
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan in 1905, Newfoundland in 1949 and finally
Nunavut
Nunavut in
1999.[100]
Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill in
Québec City
Québec City in 1943
World War I and World War II
When the United Kingdom declared war on August 4, 1914,
Canada
Canada was
automatically involved as a dominion. About 6,000 volunteers from
Quebec
Quebec participated on the European front. Although reaction to
conscription was favourable in English
Canada
Canada the idea was deeply
unpopular in Quebec. The
Conscription Crisis of 1917
Conscription Crisis of 1917 did much to
highlight the divisions between French and English-speaking Canadians
in Canada.
During World War II, the participation of
Quebec
Quebec was more important
but led to the
Conscription Crisis of 1944
Conscription Crisis of 1944 and opposition. Many
Quebecers fought against the axis power between 1939 to 1945 with the
involvement of many francophone regiments such as Les Fusiliers
Mont-Royal, le
Régiment de la Chaudière
Régiment de la Chaudière and many more.
Quiet Revolution
Main article: Quiet Revolution
Adélard Godbout
Adélard Godbout implemented a program of progressive legislation that
laid the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution
The conservative government of
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis and his Union
Nationale dominated
Quebec
Quebec politics from 1944 to 1959 with the support
of the
Catholic
Catholic Church.[101]
Pierre Trudeau
Pierre Trudeau and other liberals formed
an intellectual opposition to Duplessis's regime, setting the
groundwork for the
Quiet Revolution
Quiet Revolution under Jean Lesage's Liberals. The
Quiet Revolution
Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political
change[102] that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec
economy, the decline of the
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church's influence,[13] the
formation of hydroelectric companies under Hydro-Québec[102] and the
emergence of a pro-sovereignty movement under former Liberal minister
René Lévesque.
October Crisis
Main articles:
October Crisis
October Crisis and Front de libération du Québec
Beginning in 1963, a paramilitary group that became known as the Front
de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade-long series of
propaganda and terrorism that included bombings, robberies and
attacks[103] directed primarily at English institutions, resulting in
at least five deaths. In 1970, their activities culminated in events
referred to as the
October Crisis
October Crisis when James Cross, the British trade
commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a
provincial minister and Vice-Premier.[104] Laporte was strangled with
his own rosary beads a few days later. In their published Manifesto,
the militants stated: "In the coming year Bourassa will have to face
reality; 100,000 revolutionary workers, armed and organized." At the
request of Premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau
invoked the War Measures Act.
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois and national unity
Main articles:
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois and
Quebec
Quebec sovereignty movement
In 1977, the newly elected
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois government of René
Lévesque introduced the Charter of the French Language. Often known
as Bill 101, it defined French as the only official language of Quebec
in areas of provincial jurisdiction.[105]
Lévesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973
Quebec
Quebec elections
under a platform of separating
Quebec
Quebec from the rest of Canada. The
party failed to win control of Quebec's National Assembly both times
– though its share of the vote increased from 23 percent to 30
percent – and Lévesque was defeated both times in the riding he
contested.[106] In the 1976 election, he softened his message by
promising a referendum (plebiscite) on sovereignty-association rather
than outright separation, by which
Quebec
Quebec would have independence in
most government functions but share some other ones, such as a common
currency, with Canada. On November 15, 1976, Lévesque and the Parti
Québécois won control of the provincial government for the first
time. The question of sovereignty-association was placed before the
voters in the 1980
Quebec
Quebec referendum. During the campaign, Pierre
Trudeau promised that a vote for the "no" side was a vote for
reforming Canada. Trudeau advocated the patriation of Canada's
Constitution from the United Kingdom. The existing constitutional
document, the
British North America
British North America Act, could only be amended by the
United Kingdom Parliament
United Kingdom Parliament upon a request by the Canadian parliament.
René Lévesque
René Lévesque in Paul Sauvé arena, Montreal, on the 1973 election
night
Sixty percent of the
Quebec
Quebec electorate voted against the proposition
for sovereignty-association.[107] Polls showed that the overwhelming
majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against, and that
French Quebecers were almost equally divided, with older voters less
in favour and younger voters more in favour. After his loss in the
referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new
constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice
Jean Chrétien
Jean Chrétien and
the nine other provincial premiers. Lévesque insisted
Quebec
Quebec be able
to veto any future constitutional amendments. The negotiations quickly
reached a stand-still.
Quebec
Quebec is the only province not to have
assented to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982.[108]
In subsequent years, two attempts were made to gain Quebec's approval
of the constitution. The first was the
Meech Lake Accord
Meech Lake Accord of 1987,
which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the province of
Manitoba
Manitoba did
not pass it within the established deadline. (Newfoundland premier
Clyde Wells had expressed his opposition to the accord, but, with the
failure in Manitoba, the vote for or against Meech never took place in
his province.) This led to the formation of the sovereigntist Bloc
Québécois party in Ottawa under the leadership of Lucien
Bouchard,[109] who had resigned from the federal cabinet. The second
attempt, the
Charlottetown
Charlottetown Accord of 1992, also failed to gain
traction. This result caused a split in the
Quebec Liberal Party
Quebec Liberal Party that
led to the formation of the new Action démocratique (Democratic
Action) party led by
Mario Dumont
Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire.
The results of the
1995 Quebec referendum
1995 Quebec referendum per circonscription. Dark
brown means high no %; dark blue means high yes %
On October 30, 1995, with the
Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois back in power since
1994, a second referendum on sovereignty took place. This time, it was
rejected by a slim majority (50.6 percent NO to 49.4 percent
YES).[110]
Statut particulier ("special status")
Given the province's heritage and the preponderance of French (unique
among the Canadian provinces), there has been debate in Canada
regarding the unique status (statut particulier) of
Quebec
Quebec and its
people, wholly or partially. Prior attempts to amend the Canadian
constitution to acknowledge
Quebec
Quebec as a "distinct society" –
referring to the province's uniqueness within
Canada
Canada regarding law,
language, and culture – have been unsuccessful; however, the federal
government under Prime Minister
Jean Chrétien
Jean Chrétien would later endorse
recognition of
Quebec
Quebec as a distinct society.[111]
On October 30, 2003, the
National Assembly of Quebec
National Assembly of Quebec voted unanimously
to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation."[112] On November
27, 2006, the House of Commons passed a symbolic motion moved by Prime
Minister
Stephen Harper
Stephen Harper declaring "that this House recognize that the
Québécois form a nation within a united Canada."[113][114][115]
However, there is considerable debate and uncertainty over what this
means.[116][117]
Government and politics
Main articles: Politics of Quebec, Monarchy in Quebec, and Government
of Quebec
The Parliament Building in
Quebec
Quebec City
The Lieutenant Governor represents the Queen of
Canada
Canada and acts as the
province's head of state.[118][119] The head of government is the
premier (called premier ministre in French) who leads the largest
party in the unicameral National Assembly, or Assemblée Nationale,
from which the
Executive Council of Quebec is appointed.
Until 1968, the
Quebec
Quebec legislature was bicameral,[120] consisting of
the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. In that year,
the Legislative Council was abolished and the Legislative Assembly was
renamed the National Assembly.
Quebec
Quebec was the last province to abolish
its legislative council.
The government of
Quebec
Quebec awards an order of merit called the National
Order of Quebec. It is inspired in part by the French Legion of
Honour. It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec
(but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well) for outstanding
achievements.[121]
The government of
Quebec
Quebec takes the majority of its revenue through a
progressive income tax, a 9.975% sales tax[122] and various other
taxes (such as carbon, corporate and capital gains taxes),
equalization payments from the federal government, transfer payments
from other provinces and direct payments.[123] By some measures Quebec
is the highest taxed province;[124] a 2012 study indicated that
"
Quebec
Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian
average".[125] A 2014 report by the
Fraser Institute
Fraser Institute indicated that
"Relative to its size,
Quebec
Quebec is the most indebted province in Canada
by a wide margin".[126]
Administrative subdivisions
Main article: Administrative subdivisions of Quebec
Quebec
Quebec has subdivisions at the regional, supralocal and local levels.
Excluding administrative units reserved for Aboriginal lands, the
primary types of subdivision are:
At the regional level:
17 administrative regions.
At the supralocal level:
86 regional county municipalities or RCMs (municipalités régionales
de comté, MRC);
2 metropolitan communities (communautés métropolitaines).
At the local level:
1,117 local municipalities of various types;
11 agglomerations (agglomérations) grouping 42 of these local
municipalities;
within 8 local municipalities, 45 boroughs (arrondissements).
Demographics
Main articles:
Demographics of Quebec
Demographics of Quebec and French Canadian
Historical populations
Year
Pop.
±%
1851
892,061
—
1861
1,111,566
+24.6%
1871
1,191,516
+7.2%
1881
1,359,027
+14.1%
1891
1,488,535
+9.5%
1901
1,648,898
+10.8%
1911
2,005,776
+21.6%
1921
2,360,665
+17.7%
1931
2,874,255
+21.8%
1941
3,331,882
+15.9%
1951
4,055,681
+21.7%
1956
4,628,378
+14.1%
1961
5,259,211
+13.6%
1966
5,780,845
+9.9%
1971
6,027,765
+4.3%
1976
6,234,445
+3.4%
1981
6,438,403
+3.3%
1986
6,532,460
+1.5%
1991
6,895,963
+5.6%
1996
7,138,795
+3.5%
2001
7,237,479
+1.4%
2006
7,546,131
+4.3%
2011
7,903,001
+4.7%
2016
8,164,361
+3.3%
Source: Statistics Canada[127][128]
In the 2016 census,
Quebec
Quebec had a population of 8,164,361 living in
3,531,663 of its 3,858,943 total dwellings, a 3.3% change from its
2011 population of 7,903,001. With a land area of
1,356,625.27 km2 (523,795.95 sq mi), it had a
population density of 6.0/km2 (15.6/sq mi) in 2016.[1] In 2013,
Statistics
Canada
Canada estimated the province's population to be
8,155,334.[129]
At 1.69 children per woman, Quebec's 2011 fertility rate is above the
Canada-wide rate of 1.61,[130] and is higher than it was at the turn
of the 21st century. However, it is still below the replacement
fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with its fertility rates before
1960, which were among the highest of any industrialized society.
Although
Quebec
Quebec is home to only 24% of the population of Canada, the
number of international adoptions in
Quebec
Quebec is the highest of all
provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada
were carried out in Quebec. By 2012, the population of
Quebec
Quebec reached
8 million, and it is projected to reach 9.2 million in 2056.[131] Life
expectancy in
Quebec
Quebec reached a new high in 2011, with an expectancy of
78.6 years for men and 83.2 years for women; this ranked as the
third-longest life expectancy among Canadian provinces, behind those
of
British Columbia
British Columbia and Ontario.[130]
All the tables in the following section have been reduced from their
original size, for full tables see main article Demographics of
Quebec.
Origins in this table are self-reported and respondents were allowed
to give more than one answer.
Ethnic origin (2006)
Ethnic origin
Population
Percent
Canadian (Canadiens)
4,474,115
60%
French
2,151,655
29%
Irish
406,085
5.5%
Italian
299,655
4%
English
245,155
3.3%
First Nations
219,815
3%
Scottish
202,515
2.7%
Québécois
140,075
2%
German
131,795
1.8%
Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of
respondents (7,435,905) and may total more than 100 percent due to
dual responses.
Only groups with 1.5 percent or more of respondents are shown.[132]
The 2006 census counted a total aboriginal population of 108,425 (1.5
percent) including 65,085 North American Indians (0.9 percent), 27,985
Métis (0.4 percent), and 10,950
Inuit
Inuit (0.15 percent). It should be
noted however, that there is a significant undercount, as many of the
biggest Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian
censuses for political reasons regarding the question of aboriginal
sovereignty. In particular, the largest Mohawk
Iroquois
Iroquois reserves
(Kahnawake,
Akwesasne
Akwesasne and Kanesatake) were not counted.
Nearly 9% of the population of
Quebec
Quebec belongs to a visible minority
group. This is a lower percentage than that of British Columbia,
Ontario, Alberta, and
Manitoba
Manitoba but higher than that of the other five
provinces. Most visible minorities in
Quebec
Quebec live in or near Montreal.
Visible minorities in Quebec
Visible minorities (2006)
Visible minority
Population
Percentage
Total visible minority population
654,355
8.8%
Haitian
188,070
2.5%
Arab
109,020
1.5%
Latin American
89,505
1.2%
Chinese
79,830
1.1%
South Asian
72,845
1.0%
Southeast Asian
50,455
0.7%
Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of
respondents (7,435,905).
Only groups with more than 0.5 percent of respondents are shown.[133]
Quebec
Quebec is unique among the provinces in its overwhelmingly Roman
Catholic
Catholic population. This is a legacy of colonial times when only
Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in New France. The 2001
census showed the population to be 90.3 percent Christian (in contrast
to 77 percent for the whole country) with 83.4 percent Catholic
Christian (including 83.2 percent Roman Catholic); 4.7 percent
Protestant
Protestant Christian (including 1.2 percent Anglican, 0.7 percent
United Church; and 0.5 percent Baptist); 1.4 percent Orthodox
Christian (including 0.7 percent Greek Orthodox); and 0.8 percent
other Christian; as well as 1.5 percent Muslim; 1.3 percent Jewish;
0.6 percent Buddhist; 0.3 percent Hindu; and 0.1 percent Sikh. An
additional 5.8 percent of the population said they had no religious
affiliation (including 5.6 percent who stated that they had no
religion at all).
Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of
respondents (7,125,580)[134]
Language
Main article: Language demographics of Quebec
This image shows the painting Débat sur les langues lors de la
première Assemblée législative du Bas-
Canada
Canada le 21 janvier 1793
(Debate on languages during the first Legislative Assembly of Lower
Canada, January 21, 1793), by Charles Huot.
Linguistic map of the province of
Quebec
Quebec (source: Statistics Canada,
2006 census)
Francophone
Francophone majority, less than 33% Anglophone
Francophone
Francophone majority, more than 33% Anglophone
Anglophone majority, less than 33% Francophone
Anglophone majority, more than 33% Francophone
Allophone majority (indigenous)
Data not available
The official language of
Quebec
Quebec is French.
Quebec
Quebec is the only Canadian
province whose population is mainly Francophone; 6,102,210 people
(78.1 percent of the population) recorded it as their sole native
language in the 2011 Census, and 6,249,085 (80.0%) recorded that they
spoke it most often at home.[135] Knowledge of French is widespread
even among those who do not speak it natively; in 2011, about 94.4
percent of the total population reported being able to speak French,
alone or in combination with other languages, while 47.3% reported
being able to speak English.[135]
In 2011, 599,230 people (7.7 percent of the population) people in
Quebec
Quebec declared English to be their mother tongue, and 767,415 (9.8
percent) used it most often as their home language[135] The
English-speaking community or Anglophones are entitled to services in
English in the areas of justice, health, and education;[136] services
in English are offered in municipalities in which more than half the
residents have English as their mother tongue. Allophones, people
whose mother tongue is neither French nor English, made up 12.3
percent (961,700) of the population, according to the 2011 census,
though a smaller figure – 554,400 (7.1 percent) – actually used
these languages most often in the home.[135]
A considerable number of
Quebec
Quebec residents consider themselves to be
bilingual in French and English. In Quebec, about 42.6 percent of the
population (3,328,725 people) report knowing both languages; this is
the highest proportion of bilinguals of any Canadian province.[135]
One specific area in the
Bilingual
Bilingual Belt called the West Island of
Montreal, represented by the federal electoral district of
Lac-Saint-Louis, is the most bilingual area in the province: 72.8% of
its residents claim to know English and French according to the most
recent census.[137] In contrast, in the rest of Canada, in 2006 only
about 10.2 percent (2,430,990) of the population had a knowledge of
both of the country's official languages. Altogether, 17.5% of
Canadians
Canadians are bilingual in French and English.[135]
In 2011, the most common mother tongue languages in the province were
as follows: (Figures shown are for single-language responses only.)
Mother tongue
Mother tongue language (2011)
Language
Number of
native speakers
Percentage of
singular responses
French
6,102,210
78%
English
599,230
7.7%
Arabic
164,390
2%
Spanish
141,000
1.8%
Italian
121,720
1.6%
Following were Creoles (0.8%), Chinese (0.6%), Greek (0.5%),
Portuguese (0.5%), Romanian (0.4%), Vietnamese (0.3%), and Russian
(0.3%). In addition, 152,820 (2.0%) reported having more than one
native language.[135]
English is not designated an official language by
Quebec
Quebec law.[136]
However, both English and French are required by the Constitution Act,
1867 for the enactment of laws and regulations and any person may use
English or French in the National Assembly and the courts of Quebec.
The books and records of the National Assembly must also be kept in
both languages.[138][139] Until 1969,
Quebec
Quebec was the only officially
bilingual province in
Canada
Canada and most public institutions functioned
in both languages. English was also used in the legislature,
government commissions and courts.
Since the 1970s, languages other than French on commercial signs have
been permitted only if French is given marked prominence. This law has
been the subject of periodic controversy since its inception. The
written forms of French place-names in
Canada
Canada retain their diacritics
such as accent marks over vowels in English text. Legitimate
exceptions are
Montreal
Montreal and Quebec. However, the accented forms are
increasingly evident in some publications. The Canadian Style states
that Montréal and Québec (the city) must retain their accents in
English federal documents.
Population centres
Main article: List of population centres in Quebec
Largest Metropolitan Areas in Quebec[140]
Rank
Core City
Administrative Region
Pop.
Rank
Core City
Administrative Region
Pop.
view
talk
edit
Montreal
Quebec
Quebec City
Gatineau
1
Montreal
Montréal
3,824,221
16
Rouyn-Noranda
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
41,798
2
Quebec
Quebec City
Capitale-Nationale
765,706
17
Salaberry-de-Valleyfield
Montérégie
40,077
3
Gatineau
Outaouais
314,501
18
Saint-Georges
Chaudière-Appalaches
34,642
4
Sherbrooke
Estrie
201,890
19
Val-d'Or
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
33,265
5
Saguenay
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
157,790
20
Alma
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
33,018
6
Trois-Rivières
Mauricie
151,773
21
Baie-Comeau
Côte-Nord
28,789
7
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Montérégie
92,394
22
Sept-Îles
Côte-Nord
28,487
8
Drummondville
Centre-du-Québec
88,480
23
Thetford Mines
Chaudière-Appalaches
27,968
9
Granby
Montérégie
77,077
24
Rivière-du-Loup
Bas-Saint-Laurent
27,734
10
Saint-Hyacinthe
Montérégie
56,794
25
Matane
Bas-Saint-Laurent
18,368
11
Shawinigan
Mauricie
55,009
26
Amos
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
17,090
12
Rimouski
Bas-Saint-Laurent
50,912
27
Dolbeau-Mistassini
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
16,019
13
Sorel-Tracy
Montérégie
47,772
28
La Tuque
Mauricie
15,130
14
Joliette
Lanaudière
46,932
29
Lachute
Laurentides
12,551
15
Victoriaville
Centre-du-Québec
46,354
30
Cowansville
Montérégie
12,489
Canada
Canada 2011 Census
Economy
Main article: Economy of Quebec
Quebec
Quebec has an advanced, market-based, and open economy. In 2009, its
gross domestic product (GDP) of US$32,408 per capita at purchasing
power parity puts the province at par with Japan, Italy and Spain, but
remains lower than the Canadian average of US$37,830 per
capita.[141][citation not found] The economy of
Quebec
Quebec is ranked the
37th largest economy in the world just behind
Greece
Greece and 28th for the
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[142][143]
View of
Montreal
Montreal from the Mont-Royal belvedere
The economy of
Quebec
Quebec represents 20.36% of the total GDP of Canada.
Like most industrialized countries, the economy of
Quebec
Quebec is based
mainly on the services sector. Quebec's economy has traditionally been
fuelled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed
infrastructure, and average productivity. The provincial GDP in 2010
was C$319,348 billion,[144] which makes
Quebec
Quebec the second largest
economy in Canada.
The provincial debt-to-GDP ratio peaked at 50% in fiscal year
2014-2015, and is projected to decline to 40% in 2021-2022.[145] The
credit rating of
Quebec
Quebec is currently Aa2 according to the Moody's
agency.[146] In June 2017 S&P rated
Quebec
Quebec as an AA- credit risk,
surpassing
Ontario
Ontario for the first time.[147]
The
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Institut national de la recherche scientifique helping to advance
scientific knowledge and to train a new generation of students in
various scientific and technological sectors. More than one million
Quebecers work in the field of science and technology which represents
more than 30% of Quebec's GDP.
Quebec's economy has undergone tremendous changes over the last
decade.[148] Firmly grounded in the knowledge economy,
Quebec
Quebec has one
of the highest growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) in Canada.
The knowledge sector represents about 30.9% of Quebec's GDP.[149]
Quebec
Quebec is experiencing faster growth of its R&D spending than
other Canadian provinces.[150] Quebec's spending in R&D in 2011
was equal to 2.63% of GDP, above the
European Union
European Union average of 1.84%
and will have to reaches the target of devoting 3% of GDP to research
and development activities in 2013 according to the Lisbon
Strategy.[151] The percentage spent on research and technology
(R&D) is the highest in
Canada
Canada and higher than the averages for
the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G7
countries.[152] Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field
of science and technology.[153]
A mockup of a
Bombardier CSeries
.jpg/600px-Bombardier,_BD-500_CSeries_CS300,_C-FFDK_-_SIAE_2015_(18887460245).jpg)
Bombardier CSeries being developed by Bombardier
Aerospace. Since 1856,
Quebec
Quebec has established itself as a pioneer of
modern aerospace industry.[154]
Quebec
Quebec has over 260 companies which
employ about 43,000 people. Approximately 62% of the Canadian
aerospace industry is based in Quebec.[155][156]
Quebec
Quebec is also a major player in several leading-edge industries
including aerospace, information technologies and software and
multimedia. Approximately 60% of the production of the Canadian
aerospace industry are from Quebec, where sales totalled C$12.4
billion in 2009.[157]
Quebec
Quebec is one of North America's leading
high-tech player. This vast sector encompassing approximately 7,300
businesses and employ more than 145,000 people.[158] Pauline Marois
has recently unveiled a two billion dollar budget for the period
between 2013 to 2017 to create about 115,000 new jobs in knowledge and
innovation sectors. The government promises to provide about 3% of
Quebec's GDP in research and development (R&D).[159]
Approximately 180 000 Quebeckers are currently working in different
field of information technology.[160] Approximately 52% of Canadian
companies in these sectors are based in Quebec, mainly in
Montreal
Montreal and
Quebec
Quebec City. There are currently approximately 115 telecommunications
companies established in the province, such as
Motorola
Motorola and
Ericsson
Ericsson .
About 60 000 people currently working in computer software
development. Approximately 12 900 people working in over 110 companies
such as IBM, CMC, and Matrox. The multimedia sector is also dominated
by the province of Quebec. Several companies, such as
Ubisoft
Ubisoft settled
in
Quebec
Quebec since the late 1990s.[161]
The mining industry accounted for approximately 6.3% of Quebec's
GDP.[162] It employs approximately 50,000 people[163] in 158 different
companies.[163]
The pulp and paper industries generate annual shipments valued at more
than $14 billion.[164] The forest products industry ranks second in
exports, with shipments valued at almost $11 billion. It is also the
main, and in some circumstances only, source of manufacturing activity
in more than 250 municipalities in the province. The forest industry
has slowed in recent years because of the softwood lumber
dispute.[165] This industry employs 68,000 people in several regions
of Quebec.[166] This industry accounted for 3.1% of Quebec's GDP.[167]
Agri-food industry plays an important role in the economy of Quebec.
It accounts for 8% of the Quebec's GDP and generate $19.2 billion.
This industry generated 487,000 jobs in agriculture, fisheries,
manufacturing of food, beverages and tobacco and food
distribution.[168]
Natural resources
Mining town of Fermont, North Shore, the beginning of the road of
iron.
The abundance of natural resources gives
Quebec
Quebec an advantageous
position on the world market.
Quebec
Quebec stands out particularly in the
mining sector, ranking among the top ten areas to do business in
mining.[169] It also stands for the exploitation of its forest
resources.
Quebec
Quebec is remarkable for the natural resources of its vast territory.
It has about 30 mines, 158 exploration companies and fifteen primary
processing industries. Many metallic minerals are exploited, the
principals are gold, iron, copper and zinc. Many other substances are
extracted including titanium, asbestos, silver, magnesium, nickel and
many other metals and industrial minerals.[170] However, only 40% of
the mineral potential of
Quebec
Quebec is currently known. In 2003, the value
of mineral exploitation reached
Quebec
Quebec 3.7 billion Canadian
dollars.[171] Moreover, as a major centre of exploration for
diamonds,[172]
Quebec
Quebec has seen, since 2002, an increase in its mineral
explorations, particularly in the Northwest as well as in the Otish
Mountains and the Torngat Mountains.
The vast majority (90.5%) of Quebec's forests are publicly owned.
Forests cover more than half of Quebec's territory, for a total area
of nearly 761,100 square kilometres (293,900 sq mi).[173]
The
Quebec
Quebec forest area covers seven degrees of latitude.
More than a million lakes and rivers cover Quebec, occupying 21% of
the total area of its territory. The aquatic environment is composed
of 12.1% of fresh water and 9.2% of saltwater (percentage of total QC
area).[174]
Science and technology
Rudolph A. Marcus, chemist and
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate.[175]
In 1969,
Héroux-Devtek
Héroux-Devtek Has designed and manufactured the
undercarriage of Apollo Lunar Module
The government of
Quebec
Quebec has launched the Stratégie québécoise de
la recherche et de l'innovation (SQRI) in 2007 which aims to promote
development through research, science and technology. The government
hopes to create a strong culture of innovation in
Quebec
Quebec for the next
decades and to create a sustainable economy.[176] The spending on
research and development reached some 7.824 billion dollars in 2007,
roughly the equivalent of 2.63% of Quebec's GDP.[176]
Quebec
Quebec is
ranked, as of March 2011, 13th in the world in terms of investment in
research and development.[177] The research and development
expenditures will be more than 3% of the province's GDP in 2013. The
R&D expenditure in
Quebec
Quebec is higher than the average G7 and OECD
countries.[153] Science and technology are key factors in the economic
position of Quebec. More than one million people in
Quebec
Quebec are
employed in the science and technology sector.[153]
Quebec
Quebec is considered as one of world leaders in fundamental scientific
research, having produced ten Nobel laureates in either physics,
chemistry, or medicine.[178] It is also considered as one of the world
leaders in sectors such as aerospace, information technology,
biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, and therefore plays a significant
role in the world's scientific and technological communities.[179]
Quebec
Quebec is also active in the development of its energy industries,
including renewable energy such as hydropower and wind power. Quebec
has had over 9,469 scientific publications in the sector of medicine,
biomedical research and engineering since the year 2000.[180] Overall,
the province of
Quebec
Quebec count about 125 scientific publications per
100,000 inhabitants in 2009.[181] The contribution of
Quebec
Quebec in
science and technology represent approximately 1% of the researches
worldwide since the 1980s to 2009.[182] Between 1991 to 2000, Quebec
produced more scientific papers per 100,000 inhabitants than the
United States and Germany.[183]
The
Canadian Space Agency
Canadian Space Agency was established in
Quebec
Quebec due to its major
role in this research field. A total of three Quebecers have been in
space since the creation of the CSA: Marc Garneau,
Julie Payette
_(cropped).jpg/440px-Julie_Payette_in_Ukraine_-_2018_-_(1516277015)_(cropped).jpg)
Julie Payette and
Guy Laliberté.
Quebec
Quebec has also contributed to the creation of some
Canadian artificial satellites including SCISAT-1, ISIS, Radarsat-1
and Radarsat-2.[184][185][186]
The province is one of the world leaders in the field of space science
and contributed to important discoveries in this field.[187] One of
the most recent is the discovery of the complex extrasolar planets
system HR 8799.
HR 8799
HR 8799 is the first direct observation of an
exoplanet in history.[188][189] Olivier Daigle and Claude Carignan,
astrophysicists from
Université de Montréal
Université de Montréal have invented an
astronomical camera approximately 500 times more powerful than those
currently on the market.[190] It is therefore considered as the most
sensitive camera in the world.[191][192][193] The Mont Mégantic
Observatory was recently equipped with this camera.[194]
Quebec
Quebec ranks among the world leaders in the field of life
science.[195] William Osler, Wilder Penfield, Donald Hebb, Brenda
Milner, and others made significant discoveries in medicine,
neuroscience and psychology while working at
McGill University
McGill University in
Montreal.
Quebec
Quebec has more than 450 biotechnology and pharmaceutical
companies which together employ more than 25,000 people and 10,000
highly qualified researchers.[195]
Montreal
Montreal is ranked 4th in North
America for the number of jobs in the pharmaceutical sector.[195][196]
Infrastructure
Transportation
The ferry N.M. Camille-Marcoux, of the Société des traversiers du
Québec, ensuring liaison Baie-Comeau—
Matane
Matane and Godbout—Matane.
Development and security of land transportation in
Canada
Canada are provided
by the ministère des Transports du Québec.[197] Other organizations,
such as the
Canadian Coast Guard
Canadian Coast Guard and Nav Canada, provide the same
service for the sea and air transportation. The Commission des
transports du Québec works with the freight carriers and the public
transport.
The réseau routier québécois (
Quebec
Quebec road network) is managed by
the
Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec
Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ) (Quebec
Automobile Insurance Corporation) and consists of about 185,000
kilometres (115,000 mi) of highways and national, regional,
local, collector and forest roads. In addition,
Quebec
Quebec has almost
12,000 bridges, tunnels, retaining walls, culverts and other
structures[198] such as the
Quebec
Quebec Bridge, the
Laviolette Bridge
Laviolette Bridge and
the Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge-Tunnel.
In the waters of the St. Lawrence there are eight deep-water ports for
the transhipment of goods. In 2003, 3886 cargo and 9.7 million tonnes
of goods transited the
Quebec
Quebec portion of the St. Lawrence Seaway.[199]
Concerning rail transport,
Quebec
Quebec has 6,678 kilometres (4,150 mi)
of railways[200] integrated in the large North American network.
Although primarily intended for the transport of goods through
companies such as the
Canadian National
Canadian National (CN) and the Canadian Pacific
(CP), the
Quebec
Quebec railway network is also used by inter-city passengers
via Via Rail
Canada
Canada and Amtrak. In April 2012, plans were unveiled for
the construction of an 800 km (497 mi) railway running north
from Sept-Îles, to support mining and other resource extraction in
the Labrador Trough.[201]
The upper air network includes 43 airports that offer scheduled
services on a daily basis.[199] In addition, the Government of Quebec
owns airports and heliports to increase the accessibility of local
services to communities in the Basse-
Côte-Nord
Côte-Nord and northern
regions.[202]
Various other transport networks crisscross the province of Quebec,
including hiking trails, snowmobile trails and bike paths; the Green
Road being the largest with nearly 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in
length.[203]
Energy
See also:
List of generating stations in Quebec and Hydro-Québec
Quebec
Quebec has been described as a potential clean energy
superpower.[204][205] The energy balance of
Quebec
Quebec has undergone a
large shift over the past 30 years. In 2008, electricity ranked as the
main form of energy used in
Quebec
Quebec (41.6%), followed by oil (38.2%)
and natural gas (10.7%).[206]
Quebec
Quebec is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world
after China, Brazil and the United States and relies almost
exclusively (96% in 2008) on this source of renewable energy for its
electricity needs.[207]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Quebec
Quebec
Quebec is at the centre of French-speaking culture in North America.
Its culture is a symbol of a distinct perspective.
Quebec
Quebec nationalism
has been one expression of this perspective. Quebec's culture blends
its historic roots with its aboriginal heritage and the contributions
of recent immigrants, as well as receiving a strong influence from
English-speaking North America.
Montreal's cabarets rose to the forefront of the city's cultural life
during the
Prohibition
Prohibition era of
Canada
Canada and the United States in the
1920s. The cabarets radically transformed the artistic scene, greatly
influencing the live entertainment industry of Quebec.[208] The
Quartier Latin (English: Latin Quarter) of Montreal, and Vieux-Québec
(English: Old Quebec) in
Quebec
Quebec City, are two hubs of activity for
today's artists. Life in the cafés and "terrasses" (outdoor
restaurant terraces) reveals a Latin influence in Quebec's culture,
with the théâtre Saint-Denis in Montréal and the Capitole de
Québec theatre in
Quebec City
Quebec City being among the principal attractions.
A number of governmental and non-government organizations support
cultural activity in Quebec. The Conseil des arts et des lettres du
Québec (CALQ) is an initiative of the Ministry of Culture and
Communications (Quebec). It supports creation, innovation, production,
and international exhibits for all cultural fields of Quebec. The
Société de développement des entreprises culturelles (SODEC) works
to promote and fund individuals working in the cultural industry. The
Prix du Québec is an award given by the government to confer the
highest distinction and honour to individuals demonstrating
exceptional achievement in their respective cultural field.
Society
On February 8, 2007,
Quebec
Quebec Premier
Jean Charest
.png)
Jean Charest announced the setting
up of a Commission tasked with consulting
Quebec
Quebec Society on the matter
of arrangements regarding cultural diversity. The Premier's press
release[209] reasserted the three fundamental values of Quebec
society:
Equality between men and women, primacy of the French language, and
separation of church and state constitute the fundamental values. They
are not subject to any arrangement. They cannot be subordinated by any
other principle.[209]
Furthermore,
Quebec
Quebec is a free and democratic society that abides by
the rule of law.[210]
Quebec
Quebec society bases its cohesion and
specificity on a set of statements, a few notable examples of which
include:
The
Quebec
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms[211]
The Charter of the French Language[212]
The Civil Code of Quebec[213]
Music and dance
Main articles:
Music of Quebec
Music of Quebec and Dance of Quebec
Traditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the jig, the
quadrille, the reel and line dancing, which developed in the
festivities since the early days of colonization. Various instruments
are more popular in Quebec's culture: harmonica (music-of-mouth or
lip-destruction), fiddle, spoons, jaw harp and accordion. The
podorythmie is a characteristic of traditional
Quebec
Quebec music and means
giving the rhythm with the feet.[214]
Quebec
Quebec traditional music is
currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during
Christmas and New Year's Eve celebrations,
Quebec
Quebec National Holiday and
many local festivals.
Being a modern cosmopolitan society, today, all types of music can be
found in Quebec. From folk music to hip-hop, music has always played
an important role in Quebercers culture. From
La Bolduc
La Bolduc in the
1920s–1930s to the contemporary artists, the music in
Quebec
Quebec has
announced multiple songwriters and performers, pop singers and
crooners, music groups and many more. Quebec's most popular artists of
the last century include the singers
Félix Leclerc
Félix Leclerc (1950s), Gilles
Vigneault (1960s–present), Kate and Anna McGarrigle
(1970s–present) and
Céline Dion
Céline Dion (1980s–present).[215] The First
Nations and the
Inuit
Inuit of
Quebec
Quebec also have their own traditional music.
From Quebec's musical repertoire, the song A La Claire Fontaine[216]
was the anthem of the New France, Patriots and French Canadian, then
replaced by O Canada. Currently, the song
Gens du pays is by far
preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. The
Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de
la vidéo (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in
Quebec.[217] The
Orchestre symphonique de Québec
Orchestre symphonique de Québec and the Orchestre
symphonique de Montréal are respectively associated with the Opéra
de Québec and the Opéra de
Montreal
Montreal whose performances are presented
at the
Grand Théâtre de Québec
Grand Théâtre de Québec and at Place des Arts. The Ballets
Jazz de Montreal, the Grands Ballets and
La La La Human Steps
La La La Human Steps are
three important professional troupes of contemporary dance.
Film, television, and radio
Main articles:
Cinema of Quebec
Cinema of Quebec and Television in Quebec
The
Cinémathèque québécoise
Cinémathèque québécoise has a mandate to promote the film and
television heritage of Quebec. Similarly, the National Film Board of
Canada
Canada (NFB), a federal Crown corporation, provides for the same
mission in Canada. In a similar way, the Association of Film and
Television in Quebec (APFTQ) promotes independent production in film
and television.[218] While the Association of Producers and Directors
of
Quebec
Quebec (APDQ) represents the business of filmmaking and television,
the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters of
Quebec
Quebec (ARCQ)
(French acronym) represents the independent radio stations.[219]
Several movie theatres across
Quebec
Quebec ensure the dissemination of
Quebec
Quebec cinema. With its cinematic installations, such as the Cité du
cinéma and Mel's studios, the city of
Montreal
Montreal is home to the filming
of various productions.[220] The State corporation Télé-Québec, the
federal Crown corporation CBC, general and specialized private
channels, networks, independent and community radio stations broadcast
the various
Quebec
Quebec téléromans, the national and regional news,
interactive and spoken programmations, etc.[221][222] Les Rendez-vous
du cinéma québécois is a festival surrounding the ceremony of the
Jutra Awards Night that rewards work and personalities of Quebec
cinema.[223] The Artis and the
Gemini Awards gala recognize the
personalities of television and radio industry in
Quebec
Quebec and French
Canada. The Film Festival of the 3 Americas,
Quebec
Quebec City, the Festival
of International Short Film, Saguenay, the World Film Festival and the
Festival of New Cinema, Montreal, are other annual events surrounding
the film industry in Quebec.
Literature and theatre
Main article: Literature of Quebec
From New France,
Quebec literature was first developed in the travel
accounts of explorers such as Jacques Cartier, Jean de Brébeuf, the
Baron de La Hontan and Nicolas Perrot, describing their relations with
indigenous peoples. The Moulin à paroles traces the great texts that
have shaped the history of
Quebec
Quebec since its foundation in 1534 until
the era of modernity. The first to write the history of Quebec, since
its discovery, was the historian François-Xavier Garneau. This author
will be part of the current of patriotic literature (also known as the
"poets of the country" and literary identity) that will arise after
the Patriots Rebellion of 1837–1838.[224]
Various tales and stories are told through oral tradition, such as,
among many more, the legends of the Bogeyman, the Chasse-galerie, the
Black Horse of Trois-Pistoles, the Complainte de Cadieux, the
Corriveau, the dancing devil of Saint-Ambroise, the Giant Beaupré,
the monsters of the lakes Pohénégamook and Memphremagog, of Quebec
Bridge (called the Devil's Bridge), the
Rocher Percé
Rocher Percé and of Rose
Latulipe, for example.[225]
Many
Quebec
Quebec poets and prominent authors marked their era and today
remain anchored in the collective imagination, like, among others,
Philippe Aubert de Gaspé, Octave Crémazie, Honoré Beaugrand, Émile
Nelligan, Lionel Groulx, Gabrielle Roy, Hubert Aquin, Michel Tremblay,
Marie Laberge, Fred Pellerin and Gaston Miron. The regional novel from
Quebec
Quebec is called Terroir novel and is a literary tradition[226]
specific to the province. It includes such works as The Old Canadians,
Maria Chapdelaine, Un homme et son péché, Le Survenant, etc. There
are also many successful plays from this literary category, such as
Les Belles-sœurs and Broue (Brew).
Among the theatre troupes are the Compagnie Jean-Duceppe, the
Théâtre La Rubrique at the Pierrette-Gaudreault venue of the
Institut of arts in Saguenay, the Théâtre Le Grenier, etc. In
addition to the network of cultural centres in Quebec,[227] the venues
include the
Monument-National
Monument-National and the Rideau Vert (green curtain)
Theatre in Montreal, the Trident Theatre in
Quebec
Quebec City, etc. The
National Theatre School of
Canada
Canada and the Conservatoire de musique et
d'art dramatique du Québec form the future players.
Popular French-language contemporary writers include Louis Caron,
Suzanne Jacob, Yves Beauchemin, and Gilles Archambault. Mavis Gallant,
born in Quebec, lived in Paris from the 1950s onward. Well-known
English-language writers from
Quebec
Quebec include Leonard Cohen, Mordecai
Richler, and Neil Bissoondath.
Henri Julien, La Chasse-galerie
Émile Nelligan,
Quebec
Quebec poet, famous for his poem Winter evening
Fine arts
Charles Daudelin, La Cavalière, 1963, Sculpture installed in front of
the pavilion Gérard Morisset of the
Quebec
Quebec National Museum of Fine
Arts in
Quebec
Quebec City
First influenced since the days of
New France
New France by Catholicism, with
works from Frère Luc (Brother Luke) and more recently from Ozias
Leduc and Guido Nincheri, art of
Quebec
Quebec has developed around the
specific characteristics of its landscapes and cultural, historical,
social and political representations.[228]
Thus, the development of
Quebec
Quebec masterpieces in painting, printmaking
and sculpture is marked by the contribution of artists such as
Louis-Philippe Hébert, Cornelius Krieghoff, Alfred Laliberté,
Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, Jean Paul
Lemieux, Clarence Gagnon, Adrien Dufresne, Alfred Pellan,
Jean-Philippe Dallaire, Charles Daudelin, Arthur Villeneuve, Jean-Paul
Riopelle,
Paul-Émile Borduas
Paul-Émile Borduas and Marcelle Ferron.
The Fine arts of
Quebec
Quebec are displayed at the
Quebec
Quebec National Museum of
Fine Arts, the
Montreal
Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art, the Montreal
Museum of Fine Arts, the
Quebec
Quebec Salon des métiers d'art and in many
art galleries. While many works decorate the public areas of Quebec,
others are displayed in foreign countries such as the sculpture
Embâcle (Jam) by
Charles Daudelin
Charles Daudelin on Québec Place in Paris and the
statue Québec Libre! (free Quebec!) by
Armand Vaillancourt
Armand Vaillancourt in San
Francisco. The
Montreal
Montreal School of Fine Arts forms the painters,
printmakers and sculptors of Quebec.
Various buildings reflect the architectural heritage that
characterizes Quebec, such as religious buildings, city halls, houses
of large estates, and other locations throughout the province.
Circus and street art
The show Dralion, Cirque du Soleil, introduced in 2004
Several circus troupes were created in recent decades, the most
important being without any doubt the Cirque du Soleil.[229] Among
these troops are contemporary, travelling and on-horseback circuses,
such as Les 7 Doigts de la Main, Cirque Éloize, Cavalia, Kosmogonia,
Saka and Cirque Akya.[230] Presented outdoors under a tent or in
venues similar to the
Montreal
Montreal Casino, the circuses attract large
crowds both in
Quebec
Quebec and abroad. In the manner of touring companies
of the Renaissance, the clowns, street performers, minstrels, or
troubadours travel from city to city to play their comedies. Although
they may appear randomly from time to time during the year, they are
always visible in the cultural events such as the Winterlude in
Gatineau, the
Quebec
Quebec Winter Carnival, the
Gatineau
.JPG/500px-Gatineau_(view_from_the_Peace_Tower_of_Parliament_Centre_Block).JPG)
Gatineau Hot Air Balloon
Festival, the
Quebec City
Quebec City Summer Festival, the Just for Laughs
Festival in
Montreal
Montreal and the Festival of
New France
New France in Quebec.
The National Circus School and the École de cirque de Québec were
created to train future
Contemporary circus
Contemporary circus artists. For its part,
Tohu, la Cité des Arts du Cirque was founded in 2004 to disseminate
the circus arts.[231]
Heritage
Main articles:
Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec and
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec
The school and the convent of the Congregation of Our Lady of Good
Council, the ghost town of Val-Jalbert, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
The Cultural Heritage Fund is a program of the
Quebec
Quebec government[232]
for the conservation and development of Quebec's heritage, together
with various laws.[233] Several organizations ensure that same
mission, both in the social and cultural traditions in the countryside
and heritage buildings, including the Commission des biens culturels
du Québec, the
Quebec
Quebec Heritage Fondation, the Conservation Centre of
Quebec, the Centre for development of living heritage, the Quebec
Council of living heri tage, the
Quebec
Quebec Association of heritage
interpretation, etc.
Several sites, houses and historical works reflect the cultural
heritage of Quebec, such as the Village Québécois d'Antan, the
historical village of Val-Jalbert, the Fort Chambly, the national home
of the Patriots, the Chicoutimi pulp mill (Pulperie de Chicoutimi),
the
Lachine Canal
Lachine Canal and the Victoria Bridge. Strongly influenced by the
presence of the
Catholic
Catholic Church, the development of the religious
history of
Quebec
Quebec is provided by organizations like the Council of the
religious heritage of Quebec. Since 2007, the government promotes,
with the various players in the field, the conclusion of agreements on
the use of property belonging to episcopal factories and corporations
to establish "partnerships in financing the restoration and renovation
of religious buildings".[234]
As of December 2011, there are 190 National Historic Sites of Canada
in Quebec.[235] These sites were designated as being of national
historic significance.[236]
Various museums tell the cultural history of Quebec, like the Museum
of Civilization, the Museum of French America, the
McCord Museum
McCord Museum or
the
Montreal
Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History in Pointe-à-Callière,
displaying artifacts, paintings and other remains from the past of
Quebec. Many literary works reproduce the daily lives of the past,
following the social and cultural traditions of
Quebec
Quebec television
series reproducing the old days[237] such as the trilogy of Pierre
Gauvreau (Le Temps d'une paix, Cormoran and Le Volcan tranquille), La
Famille Plouffe, Les Belles Histoires des Pays-d'en-Haut, La Petite
Patrie, Entre chien et loup, Les Filles de Caleb, Blanche, Au nom du
père et du fils, Marguerite Volant, Nos Étés or Musée Éden, among
others.
Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of Quebec
A classic poutine from
La Banquise
La Banquise in Montreal.
Montreal-style smoked meat from
Schwartz's
Schwartz's in Montreal.
The historical context of 'traditional'
Quebec
Quebec cuisine is from the fur
trade period and many dishes have a high fat or lard content. From the
early 17th century, French settlers populating North America were
interested in a new cuisine to confront the climate and the needs
arising from the work of colonization. Mindful of the same nutritional
needs as settlers from Acadia, it has many similarities with Acadian
cuisine. Quebec's cuisine has a strong French and Irish influence,
although many aspects of Canadian aboriginal cuisine have also had a
significant impact on
Quebec
Quebec cuisine.
Quebec
Quebec is most famous for its
Tourtière, Pâté Chinois, Poutine,
St. Catherine's taffy
St. Catherine's taffy among
others. The temps des sucres (sugar season) is one of the oldest of
Quebec
Quebec culinary traditions. During springtime, many Quebecers go to
the cabane à sucre (sugar house) for a traditional meal. The Jewish
community of
Montreal
Montreal has contributed Montreal-style bagels and smoked
meat which is similar to pastrami.
Quebec
Quebec has produced beer since the beginning of colonization
especially with the emergence of spruce beer. In 1668, Jean Talon
founded a brewery in
Quebec
Quebec City, but it closed a decade later.
Although many people tried to produce a beer between the 17th and 18th
centuries, it is only since the 1980s that the industries had produced
on a larger scale. Today there are nearly a hundred breweries and
companies, including Unibroue, Molson Coors,
Labatt
Labatt and many others.
Quebec
Quebec also produces wine, ice wine and ice cider.
Quebec
Quebec has produced cheese for centuries. The first cheese-making
school in North America was established in Saint-Denis-de-Kamouraska
in 1893. It was at this moment that the monks of La Trappe of Oka
began to produce the famous Oka cheese. Today there are over 300
different cheeses in Quebec.
Sports
Montreal
Montreal
Canadiens
Canadiens at the Bell Centre
Sports in
Quebec
Quebec constitutes an essential dimension of
Quebec
Quebec culture.
The practice of sports and outdoor activities in
Quebec
Quebec was influenced
largely by its geography and climate.
Ice hockey
.jpg/440px-Capitals-Maple_Leafs_(34075134291).jpg)
Ice hockey remains the national
sport. This sport, which was played for the first time on March 3,
1875, at the Victoria Skating Rink in
Montreal
Montreal and promoted over the
years by numerous achievements of the centenary of the Montreal
Canadiens, still raises passions.[238] Other major sports include
Canadian Football
Canadian Football with the
Montreal
Montreal Alouettes, soccer with the
Montreal
Montreal Impact, the Grand Prix du
Canada
Canada Formula 1 racing with
drivers such as
Gilles Villeneuve
Gilles Villeneuve and Jacques Villeneuve, and
professional baseball with the former
Montreal
Montreal Expos. During its
history,
Quebec
Quebec has hosted several major sporting events; including
the 1976 Summer Olympics, the Fencing World Championships in 1967,
track cycling in 1974, and the
Transat Québec-Saint-Malo
Transat Québec-Saint-Malo race created
for the first time in 1984.
Québec athletes have performed well at the Winter Olympics over
recent years. They won 12 of Canada's 29 medals at the most recent
Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang (2018); they won 12 of the 27 Canadian
medals in Sochi (2014); and 9 of the 26 Canadian medals in Vancouver
(2010).[239]
National symbols
Main article: Symbols of Quebec
Fleur-de-lys
In 1939, the government of
Quebec
Quebec unilaterally ratified its coat of
arms to reflect Quebec's political history: French rule (gold lily on
blue background), British rule (lion on red background) and Canadian
rule (maple leaves) and with Quebec's motto below "Je me
souviens".[240]
Je me souviens
Je me souviens ("I remember") was first carved under
the coat of arms of Quebec's Parliament Building façade in 1883. It
is an official part of the coat of arms and has been the official
licence plate motto since 1978, replacing "La belle province" (the
beautiful province). The expression La belle province is still used
mostly in tourism as a nickname for the province.[citation needed]
The
Fleurdelisé
Fleurdelisé flying at
Place d'Armes
Place d'Armes in Montreal.
The fleur-de-lis, the ancient symbol of the French monarchy, first
arrived on the shores of the
Gaspésie
Gaspésie in 1534 with
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier on
his first voyage. When
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain founded
Québec City
Québec City in
1608, his ship hoisted the merchant flag of a white cross on a blue
background. By 1758 at the Battle of Carillon, the Flag of Carillon
would become the basis of Quebec's desire to have its own flag. By
1903, the parent of today's flag had taken shape, known as the
"Fleurdelisé". The flag in its present form with its 4 white
"fleur-de-lis" lilies on a blue background with a white cross replaced
the
Union Jack
Union Jack on Quebec's Parliament Building on January 21, 1948.
Other official symbols
The floral emblem of
Quebec
Quebec is the Iris versicolor.[7]
Since 1987 the avian emblem of
Quebec
Quebec has been the snowy owl.[7]
An official tree, the yellow birch (bouleau jaune, merisier),
symbolizes the importance Quebecers give to the forests. The tree is
known for the variety of its uses and commercial value, as well as its
autumn colours.[7]
In 1998 the
Montreal
Montreal Insectarium sponsored a poll to choose an
official insect. The white admiral butterfly (Limenitis arthemis)[241]
won with 32% of the 230 660 votes against the spotted lady beetle
(Coleomegilla maculata lengi), the ebony jewelwing damselfly
(Calopteryx maculata), a species of bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) and
the six-spotted tiger beetle (Cicindela sexguttata sexguttata).
Fête nationale (National Holiday)
Main article: National Holiday (Quebec)
In 1977, the
Quebec Parliament
Quebec Parliament declared June 24 to be Quebec's
National Holiday. Historically June 24 was a holiday honouring French
Canada's patron saint, St. John the Baptist, which is why it is
commonly known as La Saint-Jean-Baptiste (often shortened to La
St-Jean). On this day, the song "Gens du pays" by
Gilles Vigneault
Gilles Vigneault is
often heard and commonly regarded as Quebec's unofficial anthem. The
festivities occur on June 23 and 24 and are celebrated all over
Quebec. In cities like Québec and Montréal, great shows are
organized in the main public places (such as the Abraham plains,
Québec, or Maisonneuve Park, Montréal) where several of the most
popular
Quebec
Quebec artists relay each others[clarification needed] until
late at night.
See also
Index of Quebec-related articles
Outline of Quebec
Quebec
Quebec portal
Estrie
Estrie portal
Laurentides
Laurentides portal
Montreal
Montreal portal
Quebec City
Quebec City portal
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean portal
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Quebec
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Further reading
English
Anderson, Fred (2000). Crucible of Wars: The
Seven Years' War
Seven Years' War and the
Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Knopf.
ISBN 0-375-40642-5.
Bergeron, Léandre (1975). The History of Québec: a Patriote's [sic]
Handbook, trans. from the 5th French ed. by Baila Markus and rev. by
the author. Updated ed. New
Canada
Canada Publications.
ISBN 0-9196-0035-2
Bergeron, Léandre (1974). Why There Must Be a Revolution in Québec.
Toronto: New
Canada
Canada Publications. 0-919600-16-6
Cave, Alfred A. (2004). The French and Indian War. Westport,
Connecticut – London: Greenwood Press.
ISBN 0-313-32168-X.
Courville, Serge; Richard Howard (2009). Quebec: A Historical
Geography. Univ of
British Columbia
British Columbia Press.
ISBN 978-0-7748-1426-3.
Dickinson, John Alexander; Brian J. Young (2003). A short history of
Quebec. McGill-Queen's University Press.
ISBN 0-7735-2393-6.
Gairdner, William D. Constitutional Crack-up:
Canada
Canada and the Coming
Showdown with Québec. London: Stoddart Publishing Co., 1994. N.B.: On
verso of t.p.: "A brief version ... appeared in the revised edition of
the author's The Trouble with Canada." ISBN 0-7737-5658-2
Gauvreau, Michael (2005). The
Catholic
Catholic origins of Quebec's Quiet
Revolution, 1931–1970. McGill-Queen's University Press.
ISBN 0-7735-2874-1.
Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000). Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie
(1604–5), Co-Founder of
Quebec
Quebec (1608). Annapolis Royal, NS:
Peninsular Press. ISBN 0-9682016-2-8Translated by Phil
Roberts
Hunter, William A. (1999). Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier,
1753–1758. Wennawoods. ISBN 1-889037-20-6.
Kokker, Steve (2002). Québec. Lonely Planet.
ISBN 1-74059-024-4.
Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2008). Benedict Arnold's Army: The 1775 American
Invasion of
Canada
Canada during the Revolutionary War. El Dorado Hills,
California: Savas Beatie. ISBN 1-932714-03-0.
Maclure, Jocelyn (2003).
Quebec
Quebec identity: the challenge of pluralism.
McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2553-X.
McRoberts, Kenneth, and Dale Posgate (1984). Québec: Social Change
and Political Crisis. Toronto, Ont.: McClelland and Stewart. Rev. and
updated, including a post-Referendum epilogue, 1984, cop. 1980. x, 325
p. N.B.: The revision statement is from the front cover of the book.
ISBN 0-7710-7185-X
Merriam; Webster (2003). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. New
York: Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 0-87779-809-511th ed.
Riendeau, Roger E. (2007). A brief history of Canada. New York, NY:
Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-8160-6335-4. Retrieved July 12,
2011.
Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I, compiler (1974). Québec and Radical Social
Change. First ed. Montréal, Qué.: Black Rose Books.
ISBN 0-919618-51-0 pbk.
Scott, Colin (2001). Aboriginal autonomy and development in northern
Quebec
Quebec and Labrador. UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0844-6.
Taucar, Christopher Edward (2002). Canadian Federalism and Quebec
Sovereignty. Peter Lang. ISBN 0-8204-6242-X.
Webb Hodge, Frederick (1912). American Indians North of Mexico, Volume
4, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Handbook.
Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning Inc. ISBN 1-58218-751-7Scanned in
2003
French
Armony, Victor (2007). Le Québec expliqué aux immigrants. Montréal:
VLB Éditeur. ISBN 978-2-89005-985-6.
Babin, Andrée (1986). L'interatlas: Ressources du Québec et du
Canada. Montréal: Centre éducatif et culturel.
ISBN 2-7617-0317-0.
Bergeron, Léandre (1970). Petit manuel d'histoire du Québec.
[Montréal]: Éditions Québécoises. Without ISBN
Bergeron, Léandre and Pierre Landry (2008). Petit manuel d'histoire
du Québec, 1534–2008. Trois-Pistoles, Qué.: Éditions
Trois-Pistoles. N.B.: This ed. is a major revision, very considerably
enlarged, rewritten this time in collaboration, and updated, of the
1970 text of the work, thus constituting essentially almost a
different work than the original. ISBN 978-2-89583-183-9
Binot, Guy (2004). Pierre Dugua de Mons: gentilhomme royannais,
premier colonisateur du Canada, lieutenant général de la
Nouvelle-France de 1603 à 1612. Vaux-sur-Mer: Bonne anse.
ISBN 2-914463-13-8.
Brûlotte, Suzanne (2009). Les oiseaux du Québec. Boucherville:
Éditions Broquet. ISBN 2-89654-075-X.
Comeau, Robert, ed. (1969). Économie québécoise, in series, Les
Cahiers de l'Université du Québec. Sillery, Qué.: Presses de
l'Université du Québec. 495 p.
Commission politique et constitutionnelle (1967). États généraux du
Canada
Canada français: exposés de base et documents de travail. Montréal:
Éditions de l'Action nationale.
Desautels, Guy, et al. (1978). Pour l'autodétermination du Québec:
plaidoyer marxiste. Éditions Nouvelles frontières. Sans ISBN
Duguay, Raoul (1971). Musiciens du Québec. Montréal: Éditions du
Jour. 331 p. N.B.: The emphasis is on "classical" then- contemporary
composers and on those of "musique actuelle".
Dupont, Jean-Claude (2008). Légendes du Québec – Un héritage
culturel. Sainte-Foy: Les éditions GID.
ISBN 978-2-89634-023-1.
Les Écossais du Québec. Montréal: Conseil québécois du Chardon,
[1999]. N.B.: This is primarily a descriptive cultural and commercial
directory of the Scottish community of Québec.
Gagnon, Henri (1979). Fermatures d'usines, ou bien liberation
nationale. Saint-Lambert, Qué.: [s.n.]: Presses de Payette et Simms,
imprim[eur]; distribution, Éditions Héritage. Without ISBN
Institut de la statistique du Québec (2010). Le Québec chiffres en
main (PDF). Government of Quebec. ISBN 978-2-550-49444-7.
Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2010.
Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (2000).
Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Sillery: Septentrion.
ISBN 2-89448-156-X.
Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). Histoire du Québec, Des origines à nos
jours. Paris: Édition Nouveau Monde. ISBN 2-84736-113-8.
La Rochelle, Louis (1982). En flagrant délit de pouvoir: chroniques
des événements poliltiques, de
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis à René Lévesque.
Montréal, Qué: Boreal Express. ISBN 2-89052-058-7
Liebel, Jean (1999). Pierre Dugua, sieur de Mons, fondateur de
Québec. Paris: Le Croît vif. ISBN 2-907967-48-7.
Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume
1; De la Confédération à la crise (1867–1929). Montréal: Les
Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-297-8.
Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume
2; Le Québec depuis 1930. Montréal: Les Éditions du Boréal.
ISBN 978-2-89052-298-5.
Ministry of Environment of
Quebec
Quebec (2002). Water. Life. Future.
National Policy on water (PDF). Government of Quebec.
ISBN 2-550-40074-7.
Morf, Gustave (1970). Le Terrorisme québécois. Montréal, Éditions
de l'Homme. 219, [3] p.
Parizeau, Jacques (1997). Pour un Québec souverain. [Montréal]:
V.L.B. éditeur. ISBN 2-89005-655-4
Pelletier, Réal, ed. Une Certaine Révolution tranquille: 22 juin
[19]60-[19]75. Montréal: La Presse, 1975. 337 p., ill. chiefly with
b&w port. photos. Without ISBN
Pilon, Robert, Isabelle Lamoureux, and Gilles Turcotte (1991). Le
Marché de la radio au Québec: document de reference. [Montréal]:
Association québécoise de l'industrie du dique, du spectacle et de
la video. unpaged. N.B.: Comprises: Robert Pilon's and Isabelle
Lamoureux' Profil du marché de radio au Québec: un analyse de
Média-culture. – Gilles Turcotte's Analyse comparative de l'écoute
des principals stations de Montréal: prepare par Info Cible.
Rivière, Sylvain (2007). Léandre Bergeron, né en exil.
Trois-Pistoles, Qué.: Éditions Trois-Pistoles. N.B.: Collection of
essays on various Québec subjects, including a biography of L.
Bergeron. ISBN 978-2-89583-165-5
Trudel, Jean (1969). Profil de la sculpture québécoise, XVIIe-XIXe
siècle[s]. Québec, QC.: Ministère des affaires culturelles, Musée
du Québec. 140 p., ill. with photos, mostly b&w. Without ISBN or
SBN
Venne, Michel (2006). L'annuaire du Québec 2007. Montréal: Fides.
ISBN 2-7621-2746-7.
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 278219258
LCCN: n80001244
GND: 4048030-6
BNF: cb119396489 (data)
NDL: 00628471
Coordinates: 53°N 070°W / 53°N