Nazarene (title)
The English term ''Nazarene'' is commonly used to translate two related Greek words that appear in the New Testament: ''Nazōraios'' () ("Nazorean") and ''Nazarēnos'' ("Nazarene"). The term ''Nazōraios'' may have a religious significance instead of denoting a place of origin, while ''Nazarēnos'' () is an adjectival form of the phrase ''apo Nazaret'' "from Nazareth." Because of this, the phrases traditionally rendered as "Jesus of Nazareth" can also be translated as "Jesus the Nazarene" or "Jesus the Nazorean." In the New Testament, the form ''Nazōraios'' or ''Nazaraios'' is more common than ''Nazarēnos'' (meaning "from Nazareth").The Sect of the Nazarenes (1st century)
The Greek epithet ''Nazōraios'' is applied to Jesus 14 times in the New Testament, and is used once in Acts of the Apostles, Acts to refer to the sect of Christians of which Paul was a leader. It is traditionally translated as "a man from Nazareth"; the plural ''Nazōraioi'' would mean "men from Nazareth". The title is first applied to the Christians by Tertullus (), though Herod Agrippa II () uses the term "Christians" which had first been used at Antioch (). The name used by Tertullus survives into Mishnaic Hebrew, Mishnaic and modern Hebrew as ''notzrim'' () a standard Hebrew term for "Christian", the name also exist in the Quran and modern Arabic as ''naṣārā'' (plural of ''Christians#Arabic terms, naṣrānī'' "Christian"). Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220, ) records that the Jews called Christians "Nazarenes" from Jesus being a man of Nazareth, though he also makes the connection with Nazarites in . Jerome too records that, in the synagogues, the word "Nazarenes" was used to describe Christians. Eusebius, around 311 CE, records that the name "Nazarenes" had formerly been used of Christians. The use relating to a specific "sect" of Christians does not occur until Epiphanius of Salamis, Epiphanius. According to Arnold Ehrhardt, just as early centers of Christianity#Antioch, Antioch coined the term Christians, so Early centers of Christianity#Jerusalem, Jerusalem coined the term Nazarenes, from Jesus of Nazareth. The terms "sect of the Nazarenes" and "Jesus of Nazareth" both employ the adjective ''nasraya'' (ܕܢܨܪܝܐ) in the Syrian Aramaic Peshitta, from ''Nasrat'' (ܢܨܪܬ) for Nazareth.The Nazarenes (4th century)
According to Epiphanius of Salamis, Epiphanius in his ''Panarion'', the 4th-century Nazarenes (Ναζωραῖοι) were originally Jewish converts of the Apostles in the New Testament, Apostles who fled Jerusalem because of Jesus' prophecy of its Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), coming siege (during the First Jewish–Roman War in 70 CE). They fled to Pella, Jordan, Pella, Perea, Peraea (northeast of Jerusalem), and eventually spread outwards to Halab, Beroea (Aleppo) and Bashan, Basanitis, where they permanently settled (Panarion 29.3.3). The Nazarenes were similar to the Ebionites, in that they considered themselves Jews, maintained an adherence to the Law of Moses. They rejected all the Gospel#Canonical gospels, canonical gospels and used only the Aramaic ''Gospel of the Nazarenes''. Unlike the Ebionites, they accepted the Virgin birth of Jesus, Virgin Birth. They considered Jesus as a prophet. As late as the eleventh century, Humbert of Silva Candida, Cardinal Humbert of Mourmoutiers still referred to the Nazarene sect as a seventh-day Sabbath, Sabbath-keeping Christian body existing at that time. Modern scholars believe it is the Pasagini or Pasagians who are referenced by Cardinal Humbert, suggesting the Nazarene sect existed well into the eleventh century and beyond (the Catholic writings of Bonacursus entitled ''Against the Heretics''). It is believed that Gregorius of Bergamo, about 1250 CE, also wrote concerning the Nazarenes as the Pasagians.Gospel of the Nazarenes
The Gospel of the Nazarenes is the title given to fragments of one of the lost Jewish-Christian Gospels of Matthew partially reconstructed from the writings of Jerome.Patristic references to "Nazarenes"
In the 4th century, Jerome also refers to Nazarenes as those "who accept Messiah in such a way that they do not cease to observe the old Law." In his ''Epistle'' 75, to Augustine, he said: Jerome viewed a distinction between Nazarenes and Ebionites, a different Jewish sect, but does not comment on whether Nazarene Jews considered themselves to be "Christian" or not or how they viewed themselves as fitting into the descriptions he uses. He clearly equates them with Filaster's Nazarei. His criticism of the Nazarenes is noticeably more direct and critical than that of Epiphanius. The following creed is from a church at Constantinople at the same period, and condemns practices of the Nazarenes: "Nazarenes" are referenced past the fourth century CE as well. Jacobus de Voragine (1230–98) described James as a "Nazarene" in The Golden Legend, vol 7. Thomas Aquinas (1225–74) quotes Augustine of Hippo, who was given an apocryphal book called Hieremias (Jeremiah in Latin) by a "Hebrew of the Nazarene Sect", in Catena (Biblical commentary), Catena Aurea — Gospel of Matthew, chapter 27. So this terminology seems to have remained at least through the 13th century in European discussions.Nazarene beliefs
The beliefs of the Nazarene sect or sects are described through various church fathers and heresiologists. * in Jesus as Messiah: * in the Virgin Birth: * Adhering to circumcision and the Law of Moses: * Use of Old Testament and New Testament: * Use of Hebrew and Aramaic New Testament source texts:Nasoraean Mandaeans
Those few who are initiated into the secrets of the Mandaean religion are called ''Naṣuraiia'' or Nasoraeans/Nasaraeans meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge. According to the Haran Gawaita, Nasoraean Mandaeans fled Jerusalem before its Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), fall in 70 CE due to persecution by a faction of Jews.Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen(2010). Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View. In (pp94-11). Minneapolis: Fortress Press The word ''Naṣuraiia'' may come from the root n-ṣ-r meaning "to keep", since although they reject the Law of Moses, Mosaic Law, they consider themselves to be keepers of Gnosis. Epiphanius of Salamis, Epiphanius mentions a group called Nasaraeans (ΝασαραίοιModern "Nazarene" churches
A number of modern churches use the word "Nazarene" or variants in their name or beliefs: * The Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarene), originating in the Swiss Nazarene Baptist movement; * The Church of the Nazarene, a Protestant Christian denomination that was born out of the Holiness Movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries;See also
* Early Christianity * Essenes * Jewish Christians * Judaizers * Mandaeism * Messianic Judaism * St Thomas ChristiansReferences
Further reading
* * * *External links