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The Accademia dei Lincei (; literally the " Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is one of the oldest and most prestigious European scientific institutions, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy. Founded in the Papal States in 1603 by Federico Cesi, the academy was named after the
lynx A lynx is a type of wild cat. Lynx may also refer to: Astronomy * Lynx (constellation) * Lynx (Chinese astronomy) * Lynx X-ray Observatory, a NASA-funded mission concept for a next-generation X-ray space observatory Places Canada * Lynx, Ontar ...
, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the observational prowess that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. "The Lincei did not long survive the death in 1630 of Cesi, its founder and patron", and "disappeared in 1651". During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Vatican and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the
Pontifical Academy of Science The Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( it, Pontificia accademia delle scienze, la, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum) is a scientific academy of the Vatican City, established in 1936 by Pope Pius XI. Its aim is to promote the progress of the mat ...
, founded in 1847, claims this heritage as the ''Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei ("Pontifical Academy of the New Lynxes")'', descending from the first two incarnations of the Academy. Similarly, a lynx-eyed academy of the 1870s became the national academy of Italy, encompassing both literature and science among its concerns.


The ''Accademia''

The first Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603 by Federico Cesi, an aristocrat from Umbria (the son of Duke of Acquasparta and a member of an important family from Rome) who was passionately interested in natural history – particularly botany. Cesi's father disapproved of the research career that Federico was pursuing. His mother,
Olimpia Orsini Olimpia may refer to: Sports teams *Club Atlético Olimpia, a sports club based in Montevideo, Uruguay *Club Deportivo Olimpia, a football team based in Tegucigalpa, Honduras * Club Olimpia, a sports club based in the city of Asunción, Paraguay ...
, supported him both financially and morally. The Academy struggled due to this disapproval, but after the death of Frederico's father he had enough money to allow the academy to flourish. The academy, hosted in
Palazzo Cesi-Armellini Palazzo Cesi-Armellini, sometimes known plainly as Palazzo Cesi, is a late Renaissance building Borgatti (1926) p. 211 in Rome. It is considered important for historical and architectural reasons. The palace, which should not be confused with Pala ...
near Saint Peter, replaced the first scientific community ever, Giambattista della Porta's ''
Academia Secretorum Naturae The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae was founded in Naples in 1560 by Giambattista della Porta, a noted polymath. In Italian it was called ''Accademia dei Segreti'', the Academy of the Mysteries of Nature, and the members re ...
'' in Naples that had been closed by the Inquisition. Cesi founded the Accademia dei Lincei with three friends: the Dutch physician
Johannes van Heeck Johannes van Heeck, (Deventer 2 February 1579 – presumably Sant'Angelo Romano c.1620), (also known as Johann Heck, Joannes Eck, Johannes Heckius, Johannes Eckius and Giovanni Ecchio) was a Dutch physician, naturalist, alchemist and astrologer. ...
(Italianized to Giovanni Ecchio) and two fellow Umbrians, mathematician
Francesco Stelluti Francesco Stelluti (12 January 1577, in Fabriano – November 1652, in Rome) was an Italian polymath who worked in the fields of mathematics, microscopy, literature, and astronomy. Along with Federico Cesi, Anastasio de Filiis and Johannes van H ...
and polymath
Anastasio de Filiis Anastasio de Filiis (Terni 1577 - Naples 1608), together with Prince Federico Cesi, the Dutch physician Johannes van Heeck and Francesco Stelluti, was one of the four founding members of the Accademia dei Lincei. He wrote a number of works on natu ...
. At the time of the Accademia's founding Cesi was only 18, and the others only 8 years older. Cesi and his friends aimed to understand all of the natural sciences. The literary and antiquarian emphasis set the "Lincei" apart from the host of sixteenth and seventeenth-century Italian Academies. Cesi envisioned a program of free experiment that was respectful of tradition, yet unfettered by blind obedience to
authority In the fields of sociology and political science, authority is the legitimate power of a person or group over other people. In a civil state, ''authority'' is practiced in ways such a judicial branch or an executive branch of government.''The N ...
, even that of Aristotle and Ptolemy, whose theories the new science called into question. While originally a private association, the Academy became a semi-public establishment during the Napoleonic domination of Rome. This shift allowed the local scientific elite to carve out a place for themselves in larger scientific networks. However, as a semi-public establishment, the Academy's focus was directed by Napoleonic politics. This focus directed the member's efforts towards stimulating industry, turning public opinion in favour of the French regime and secularizing the country. The name "Lincei" 'the
lynx A lynx is a type of wild cat. Lynx may also refer to: Astronomy * Lynx (constellation) * Lynx (Chinese astronomy) * Lynx X-ray Observatory, a NASA-funded mission concept for a next-generation X-ray space observatory Places Canada * Lynx, Ontar ...
-like (i. e., lynx-eyed, sharp-eyed) ones' came from Giambattista della Porta's book '' Magia Naturalis'', which had an illustration of the fabled cat on the cover and the words " ..with lynx-like eyes, examining those things which manifest themselves, so that having observed them, he may zealously use them".''Della Porta's Life – From Giambattista Della Porta Dramatist'' by Louise George Clubb – Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey, 1965
/ref> Accademia dei Lincei's symbols were both a lynx and an
eagle Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. Most of the 68 species of eagle are from Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just ...
; animals with, or reputed to have, keen sight (in classical and medieval bestiaries the lynx was reputed to be able to see through rock and "new walls"). The academy's motto, chosen by Cesi, was: "Take care of small things if you want to obtain the greatest results" (''minima cura si maxima vis''). According to
T. O'Conor Sloane Thomas O'Conor Sloane (November 24, 1851 – August 7, 1940) was an American scientist, inventor, author, editor, educator, and linguist, perhaps best known for writing ''The Standard Electrical Dictionary'' and as the editor of ''Scientific Ame ...
, their other motto was ''Sagacius ista''. When Cesi visited Naples, he met with many scientists in fields of interest to him including the botanist, Fabio Colonna, the natural history writer, Ferrante Imperato, and the polymath della Porta. Della Porta was impressed with Cesi, and dedicated three works to the Linceans including a treatise on distillation called ''De Distillatione'', a book on curvilinear geometry called ''Elementa Curvilinea'', and ''The Transformations of the Atmosphere''.David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002. Della Porta encouraged Cesi to continue with his endeavours. Giambattista della Porta joined Cesi's academy in 1610. While in Naples, Cesi also met with Nardo Antonio Recchi to negotiate the acquisition of a collection of material describing Aztec plants and animals written by Francisco Hernández de Toledo. This collection of material would eventually become the ''Tesoro Messicano'' (''Mexican Treasury''). The goal was nothing less than the assembly of modern science reflected on the method of observation: the church of knowledge. The Academy was to possess in each quarter of the global communes with adequate endowments to retain membership. These communes were complete with libraries,
laboratories A laboratory (; ; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratory services are provided in a variety of settings: physicia ...
, museums, printing presses, and botanical gardens. Members frequently wrote letters around their observations. The Lyncæis denounced marriage as a ''mollis'' and ''effeminata requies''. Membership was banned to monks. Members were ordered to "penetrate into the interior of things in order to know the causes and operations of nature, as it is said the lynx does, which sees not only what is outside, but what is hidden within."
Galileo Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Commonly referred to as Galileo, his name was pronounced (, ). He was ...
was inducted to the exclusive Academy on April 25, 1611, and became its intellectual centre. Galileo clearly felt honoured by his association with the Academy for he adopted ''Galileo Galilei Linceo'' as his signature. The Academy published his works and supported him during his disputes with the Roman Inquisition. Among the Academy's early publications in the fields of astronomy, physics and botany were Galileo's "
Letters on Sunspots '' Letters on Sunspots '' (''Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari'') was a pamphlet written by Galileo Galilei in 1612 and published in Rome by the Accademia dei Lincei in 1613. In it, Galileo outlined his recent observation of dark ...
" and "
The Assayer ''The Assayer'' ( it, Il Saggiatore) was a book published in Rome by Galileo Galilei in October 1623 and is generally considered to be one of the pioneering works of the scientific method, first broaching the idea that the book of nature is to be ...
", and the ''Tesoro Messicano'' describing the flora, fauna and drugs of the New World, which took decades of labour, down to 1651. With this publication, the first, most famous phase of the Lincei was concluded. The new usage of microscopy, with "references to magnification tools can be found in the works of Galileo and several Lincei, Harvey, Gassendi, Marco Aurelio Severino—who was probably also in contact with the Lincie—and Nathanial Highmore." Domenico Bertoloni Meli, in Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy (Johns Hopkins University Press: 2011; p. 41). Microscopes were not just by the Lincei for astronomical and mathematical work, but were also used for new experimentations in anatomy, as this was the time of the rise of mechanistic anatomy, and the theories of atomism. Experimentation proliferated across the board. Cesi's own intense activity was cut short by his sudden death in 1630 at forty-five. The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs or drawings made with the help of the newly invented microscope. After Cesi's death, the Accademia dei Lincei closed and the drawings were collected by
Cassiano dal Pozzo Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588 – 22 October 1657) was an Italian scholar and patron of arts. The secretary of Cardinal Francesco Barberini, he was an antiquary in the classicizing circle of Rome, and a long-term friend and patron of Nicolas Poussin, w ...
, a Roman antiquarian, whose heirs sold them. The majority of the collection was procured by
George III of the United Kingdom George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until Acts of Union 1800, the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was ...
, in 1763. The drawings were discovered in Windsor Castle in 1986, by art historian David Freedberg. They are being published as part of ''The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo''.


Members

* Federico Cesi – founder *
Giovanni Demisiani Giovanni Demisiani ( el, Ἰωάννης Δημησιάνος; died 1614), a Greek from Zakynthos, was a theologian, chemist, mathematician to Cardinal Gonzaga, and member of the Accademia dei Lincei. Demisiani is noted for coining the name ''tele ...
– Greek theologian, chemist, mathematician, coined name "''telescope''" *
Anastasio de Filiis Anastasio de Filiis (Terni 1577 - Naples 1608), together with Prince Federico Cesi, the Dutch physician Johannes van Heeck and Francesco Stelluti, was one of the four founding members of the Accademia dei Lincei. He wrote a number of works on natu ...
– polymath *
Johannes van Heeck Johannes van Heeck, (Deventer 2 February 1579 – presumably Sant'Angelo Romano c.1620), (also known as Johann Heck, Joannes Eck, Johannes Heckius, Johannes Eckius and Giovanni Ecchio) was a Dutch physician, naturalist, alchemist and astrologer. ...
– Dutch physician * Giambattista della Porta – Italian scholar, polymath and playwright * Adam Elsheimer – German artist * Johann Faber – German physician and botanist, coined name "''microscope''" * Galileo Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher * Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath *
Francesco Stelluti Francesco Stelluti (12 January 1577, in Fabriano – November 1652, in Rome) was an Italian polymath who worked in the fields of mathematics, microscopy, literature, and astronomy. Along with Federico Cesi, Anastasio de Filiis and Johannes van H ...
– mathematician *
Nicola Antonio Stigliola Nicola Antonio Stigliola (Also: Colantonio Stelliola) (1546 Nola – 1623 Naples) was an Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor. He was a friend of Tommaso Campanella and Giordano Bruno and a member of the Accademia de ...
– Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor *
Luca Valerio Luca Valerio (1553–1618) was an Italian mathematician. He developed ways to find volumes and centers of gravity of solid bodies using the methods of Archimedes. He corresponded with Galileo Galilei and was a member of the Accademia dei Lince ...
– Italian mathematician * Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII *
Virginio Cesarini Virginio Cesarini (20 October 1595, in Rome – 1 April 1624, in Rome) was an Italian poet and intellectual. Youth and Education The son of Giuliano Cesarini, duke of Civitanova, and his wife Livia Orsini, he was sent together with his brother ...
– poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII


The Accademia is re-founded

In 1801, Abbot
Feliciano Scarpellini Feliciano may refer to: People *Feliciano (name), including a list of people with the name Places *San José de Feliciano, Argentine city *Feliciano River, river in Argentina *Estadio Feliciano Gambarte, stadium in Argentina *Dom Feliciano Dom F ...
and
Gioacchino Pessuti Gioacchino is a masculine Italian given name, equivalent to the English Joachim. Notable people with the name include: * Gioacchino Assereto (1600–1649), Italian painter * Gioacchino Cocchi (1720–1804), Italian composer * Gioacchino Colombo ( ...
, with the patronage of
Francesco Caetani Francesco, the Italian (and original) version of the personal name "Francis", is the most common given name among males in Italy. Notable persons with that name include: People with the given name Francesco * Francesco I (disambiguation), sev ...
, founded the ''Accademia Caetani'' which took the name of ''Accademia dei Lincei''. The period from 1801-1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the Academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia, the institution saw a transition from a private association to a municipal institution. Despite efforts from the early 1800s onward, the Accademia underwent a true revival in 1847, when
Pope Pius IX Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
re-founded it as the Pontificia Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei.


The ''Reale Accademia dei Lincei''

In 1874,
Quintino Sella Quintino Sella (; 7 July 1827 – 14 March 1884) was an Italian politician, economist and mountaineer. Biography Sella was born at Sella di Mosso, in the Province of Biella. After studying engineering at Turin, he was sent in 1843 to study mi ...
turned it into the Accademia Nazionale Reale dei Lincei, the Royal National Lincean Academy. This incarnation broadened its scope to include moral and humanistic sciences, and regained the high prestige associated with the original Lincean Academy. After the unification of Italy, the Piedmontese
Quintino Sella Quintino Sella (; 7 July 1827 – 14 March 1884) was an Italian politician, economist and mountaineer. Biography Sella was born at Sella di Mosso, in the Province of Biella. After studying engineering at Turin, he was sent in 1843 to study mi ...
infused new life into the '' Nuovi Lincei,'' reaffirming its ideals of secular science, but broadening its scope to include humanistic studies: history, philology, archaeology, philosophy, economics and law, in two classes of ''Soci'' (Fellows).


Members

*
Mario Ageno Mario Ageno (March 2, 1915 – December 23, 1992) is considered one of Italy's most important biophysicists. Early life and education Born in Livorno from a Genoese family, he studied Physics for two years in Genoa, when one of his professors no ...
*
Giusto Bellavitis Giusto Bellavitis (22 November 1803 – 6 November 1880) was an Italian mathematician, senator, and municipal councilor. Charles Laisant (1880) "Giusto Bellavitis. Nécrologie", ''Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', 2nd s ...
*
Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli Ersilia Caetani-Lovatelli or Ersilia Caetani (12 October 1840 – 22 December 1925) was an Italian aristocrat, art historian, cultural historian and archaeologist. Personal life Caetani-Lovatelli was born in Rome in 1840 to Michelangelo Caetani, ...
– archaeologist – first female member *
Domenico Comparetti Domenico Comparetti (27 June 183520 January 1927) was an Italian scholar. He was born at Rome and died at Florence. Life He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza, took his degree in 1855 in natural science and mathematics, and entered his ...
*
Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce (; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952) was an Italian idealist philosopher, historian, and politician, who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, historiography and aesthetics. In most regards, Croce was a lib ...
* Albert Einstein *
Enrico Fermi Enrico Fermi (; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian (later naturalized American) physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age" and ...
*
Edward Augustus Freeman Edward Augustus Freeman (2 August 182316 March 1892) was an English historian, architectural artist, and Liberal politician during the late-19th-century heyday of Prime Minister William Gladstone, as well as a one-time candidate for Parliament. ...
* Giovanni Gentile * William Ewart Gladstone * Otto Hahn * Werner Heisenberg * Theodor Mommsen * Antonio Pacinotti *
Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (, ; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization, the latter of which was named afte ...
* Max Planck * Olinto De Pretto * George Rawlinson * Augusto Righi *
Wilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 184510 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achiev ...
*
Manlio Simonetti Manlio Simonetti (2 May 1926 – 1 November 2017) was an Italian scholar of Patristics and the history of Biblical interpretation. Biography Simonetti was born in Rome on 2 May 1926. His early studies were in Classics (philology and history) a ...
* Herbert Spencer * Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff


The ''Accademia d'Italia''

:''see main article Royal Academy of Italy During the
fascist Fascism is a far-right, Authoritarianism, authoritarian, ultranationalism, ultra-nationalist political Political ideology, ideology and Political movement, movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and pol ...
period the Lincean Academy was effectively replaced by the new Accademia d'Italia, the
Italian Academy The Royal Academy of Italy ( it, Reale Accademia d'Italia, italic=no) was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree,See reference . but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was e ...
, but was not fully absorbed by that institution until 1939.Fascist Italy, John Whittam, page 84 In 1949, after the fall of the fascist regime, at the suggestion of
Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce (; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952) was an Italian idealist philosopher, historian, and politician, who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, historiography and aesthetics. In most regards, Croce was a lib ...
the Lincean Academy recovered its independence. A brief history of this period of the Accademia, as well as the complete inventory of publications and documents produced in the same period, can be found in the book by .


The ''Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei''

In 1986, the Academy was placed under a statute that says it shall be composed of 540 members, of whom 180 are ordinary Italian members, 180 are foreigners, and 180 are Italian corresponding members. The members are divided into two classes: one for mathematical,
physical Physical may refer to: *Physical examination In a physical examination, medical examination, or clinical examination, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition. It generally co ...
, and natural sciences; the other for
moral A moral (from Latin ''morālis'') is a message that is conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event. The moral may be left to the hearer, reader, or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. A ...
,
historical History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...
, and philological sciences. In 2001, the natural sciences were re-divided into five categories: mathematics, mechanics and applications; astronomy,
geodesy Geodesy ( ) is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's figure (geometric shape and size), orientation in space, and gravity. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equivale ...
, geophysics and applications; physics,
chemistry Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...
and applications; geology, paleontology,
mineralogy Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the proces ...
and applications; and biological sciences and applications. At the same time, the moral sciences were divided into seven categories: philology and linguistics;
archeology Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...
;
critic A critic is a person who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theater, fashion, architecture, and food. Critics may also take as their subject social or governmen ...
ism of art and of poetry; history, historical geography, and anthropology; philosophical science; juridical science; social and political science.


Prizes

The Accademia regularly awards prestigious prizes to talented researchers and scholars. Notable prizes include: * Premio Presidente della Repubblica * Feltrinelli Prize *
Alfredo di Braccio Award The Alfredo di Braccio Award is a prestigious prize for young Italian scientists given by the Italian Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei The Accademia dei Lincei (; literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is o ...
for young Italian researchers in Physics and Chemistry * Premio del Ministro per i Beni e le Attività Culturali * Premio Linceo * Premio Internazionale Cataldo Agostinelli e Angela Gili Agostinelli


Notes


References

* This article draws material from the corresponding article in the Italian Wikipedia, retrieved 09:12, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC) * (in Italian), freely available from th
Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali – Dipartimento per i Beni Archivistici e Librari – Direzione Generale per gli Archivi
(a branch of the Italian
Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali The Ministry of Culture ( it, Ministero della Cultura - MiC) is the Ministry (government department), ministry of the Government of Italy in charge of List of museums in France, national museums and the ''Monument historique, monuments historiqu ...
). The complete inventory of the
Reale Accademia d'Italia The Royal Academy of Italy ( it, Reale Accademia d'Italia, italic=no) was a short-lived Italian academy of the Fascist period. It was created on 7 January 1926 by royal decree,See reference . but was not inaugurated until 28 October 1929. It was e ...
, which incorporated the
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei The Accademia dei Lincei (; literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is one of the oldest and most prestigious European scientific institutions, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rom ...
between 1939 and 1944. * *, available at
Connexions
'. *Walton, S.A., ''Theophrastus on Lyngurium: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition'', 2001, ''Annals of Science'', 2001 Oct;58(4):357-79
PDF on Academia.edu
*David Freedberg, ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History'', Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002. *
T. O'Conor Sloane Thomas O'Conor Sloane (November 24, 1851 – August 7, 1940) was an American scientist, inventor, author, editor, educator, and linguist, perhaps best known for writing ''The Standard Electrical Dictionary'' and as the editor of ''Scientific Ame ...
. ''Facts Worth Knowing Selected Mainly from the Scientific American for Household, Workshop, and Farm Embracing Practical and Useful Information for Every Branch of Industry''. Hartford: S. S. Scranton and Co. 1895.


External links


Official website, with brief history (in Italian).Official website in English
* * ttp://www.bl.uk/catalogues/ItalianAcademies/Default.aspx The British Library's database of Italian Academies*Historic article about the society, '' Scientific American'',
The Oldest Scientific Society
, 27 November 1880, p. 340 {{DEFAULTSORT:Accademia Dei Lincei Scientific organisations based in Italy 01 Italy Organisations based in Rome 17th century in Rome Learned societies of Italy Scientific organizations established in 1603 1603 establishments in the Papal States 1603 establishments in Italy