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Communes
A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes of Algeria ** Communes of Angola ** Communes of Belgium ** Communes of Benin ** Communes of Burundi ** Communes of Chile ** Communes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ** Communes of France ** Communes of Italy, called ''comune'' ** Communes of Luxembourg ** Communes of Moldova, called ''comună'' ** Communes of Niger ** Communes of Romania, called ''comună'' ** Communes of Switzerland ** Commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam) *** Commune (Vietnam) *** Commune-level town (Vietnam) ** People's commune, highest of three administrative levels in rural China, 1958 to 1983 Government and military/defense * Agricultural commune, intentional community based on agricultural labor * Commune (rebellion), a synonym for uprising or revolutionary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of France
A () is a level of administrative divisions of France, administrative division in the France, French Republic. French are analogous to civil townships and incorporated municipality, municipalities in Canada and the United States; ' in Germany; ' in Italy; ' in Spain; or civil parishes in the United Kingdom. are based on historical geographic communities or villages and are vested with significant powers to manage the populations and land of the geographic area covered. The are the fourth-level administrative divisions of France. vary widely in size and area, from large sprawling cities with millions of inhabitants like Paris, to small hamlet (place), hamlets with only a handful of inhabitants. typically are based on pre-existing villages and facilitate local governance. All have names, but not all named geographic areas or groups of people residing together are ( or ), the difference residing in the lack of administrative powers. Except for the Municipal arrondissem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Commune
The people's commune ( zh, c=, p=rénmín gōngshè) was the highest of three administrative levels in rural areas of the People's Republic of China during the period from 1958 to 1983, until they were replaced by Townships of the People's Republic of China, townships. Communes, the largest Collective farming, collective units, were divided in turn into production brigades and Production team (China), production teams. The people's commune collectivized living and working practices. Many individual homes were abolished in favour of communal residences, with many houses taken apart and demolished. Regardless of age or relationship, many men and women lived separately, and often, multiple families were placed in the same communal homes. One's land, tools, resources were pooled together, with working hours and farming practices completely dictated by the CCP. In a 1959 analysis, Arrigo Cervetto argued that the People's Communes in China represented a transitional phase toward capi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of Luxembourg
Luxembourg's 100 communes ( ; French language, French: ''communes''; ) conform to Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, LAU Level 2Statec (2003), p. 9&10 and are the country's lowest administrative divisions. Commune (subnational entity), Communes rank below Cantons of Luxembourg, cantons in Luxembourg's hierarchy of administrative subdivisions. Communes are often re-arranged, being merged or divided as demanded by demographic change over time. Unlike the cantons, which have remained unchanged since their creation, the identity of the communes has not become ingrained within the geographical sensations of the average Luxembourgers, Luxembourger. The cantons are responsible for the ceremonial, administrative, and statistical aspects of government, while the communes provide local government services. The Municipality, municipal system was adopted when Luxembourg was annexed into the French département of Forêts in 1795. Despite ownership passing to the United Kingdom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intentional Community
An intentional community is a voluntary residential community designed to foster a high degree of group cohesiveness, social cohesion and teamwork. Such communities typically promote shared values or beliefs, or pursue a common vision, which may be political, religious, Utopia, utopian or Spirituality, spiritual, or are simply focused on the practical benefits of cooperation and mutual support. While some groups emphasise shared Ideology, ideologies, others are centred on enhancing social connections, sharing resources, and creating meaningful relationships. Although intentional communities are sometimes described as alternative lifestyles or social experiments, some see them as a natural response to the isolation and fragmentation of modern housing, offering a return to the social bonds and collaborative spirit found in traditional village life. List of intentional communities, The multitude of intentional communities includes collective households, cohousing communities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Commune
Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city. These took many forms and varied widely in organization and makeup. Communes are first recorded in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, thereafter becoming a widespread phenomenon. They had greater development in central-northern Italy, where they became city-states based on partial democracy. At the same time in Germany they became free cities, independent from local nobility. Etymology The English and French word "commune" () appears in Latin records in various forms. They come from Medieval Latin , plural form of (that which is common, community, state), substantive noun from (common). Ultimately, the Proto-Indo-European root is ''*mey-'' (to change, exchange). When autonomy was won through violent uprising and overthrow, the commune was often called (a conspiracy) (). Origins During the 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of Benin
The departments of Benin are subdivided into 77 communes, which in turn are divided into arrondissements and finally into villages or city districts. Prior to 1999 provinces were broken down into 84 districts, titled either urban or rural. Before independence, the six provinces were subdivided into Cercles, cantons, préfectures and villages or towns.statoids The communes are listed below, by department: __TOC__ Alibori # Banikoara # Gogounou # Kandi # Karimama # Malanville # Segbana Atakora # Boukoumbé # Cobly # Kérou # Kouandé # Matéri # Natitingou # Pehonko # Tanguiéta # Toucountouna Atlantique # Abomey-Calavi # Allada # Kpomassè # Ouidah # Sô-Ava # Toffo # Tori-Bossito # Zè Borgou # Bembèrèkè # Kalalé # N'Dali # Nikki # Parakou # Pèrèrè # Sinendé # Tchaourou Collines # Bantè # Dassa-Zoumè # Glazoué # Ouèssè # Savalou # Savé Donga # Bassila # Copargo # Djougou Rural # Djougou Urban # Ouaké Kouffo # Aplahoué # Dj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of Niger
The Departments of Niger, Departments of Niger are subdivided into communes. As of 2005, in the seven Regions of Niger, Regions and one Capital Area, there were 36 ''départements'', divided into 265 ''communes'', 122 ''cantons'' and 81 ''groupements''. The latter two categories cover all areas not covered by ''Urban Communes'' (population over 10000) or ''Rural Communes'' (population under 10000), and are governed by the Department, whereas Communes have (since 1999) elected councils and mayors. Additional semi-autonomous sub-divisions include ''Sultanates'', ''Provinces'' and ''Tribes'' (''tribus''). The Nigerien government estimates there are an additional 17000 Villages administered by ''Rural Communes'', while there are over 100 ''Quartiers'' (boroughs or neighborhoods) administered by ''Urban Communes''. The territorial reorganisation of Niger's local administration, known informally as the ''Decentralisation process'', was carried out through a series of laws from 1998 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commune (Vietnam)
A commune () is a type of third tier subdivision of Vietnam. It is divided into 11,162 units along with Ward (Vietnam), wards and Commune-level town (Vietnam), townships, which have an equal status. Communes have a lower status than Provincial city (Vietnam), provincial cities, County-level town (Vietnam), towns or District (Vietnam), districts. This subdivision has existed since 1428, when Emperor Lê Thái Tổ re-organised the country into five administrative levels. Xã 社 was the lowest level, equivalent to a village. Since 2019, Vietnam has undertaken a comprehensive rearrangement of administrative units in order to streamline the apparatus of local authorities. The re-organisation, conducted in two periods, between 2020 and 2023 and between 2023 and 2030, comprises forced mergers of several districts and commune-level administrative units and localities. As of April 2023, the number of third-level subdivision units dropped to 10,598 units including 1,737 wards, 614 commu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agricultural Commune
An agricultural commune is a Intentional community, commune based on Farmworker, agricultural labor. It is usually differentiated from other forms of collective agriculture by near-complete collective ownership of capital assets and collective consumption of the products of agriculture. Karl Marx In his 1881 letter to Vera Zasulich, Karl Marx wrote that historically the "agricultural commune" is the most recent type of archaic forms of societies. Marx wrote that the following features distinguish the agricultural commune from more archaic forms of commune. *Older communes were based on kinship *In an agricultural commune, the house and yard were private property *In an agricultural commune, the arable land was common but was periodically divided among members to till and to own crops from it, while in archaic communes production was carried out communally and the yield was shared out. Marx regarded the ideal agricultural commune as utopian and not practical in the society of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of Burundi
The Provinces of Burundi, provinces of Burundi are subdivided into 119 commune (subnational entity), communes. The communes are further subdivided into Collines of Burundi, collines. Burundi’s provinces and communes were created on Christmas Day in 1959 by a Belgian colonial decree. They replaced the pre-existing system of chieftains. In July 2022, the government of Burundi announced a complete overhaul of the country’s territorial subdivisions. The proposed change would reduce the amounts of provinces from 18 to 5, and reduce the amount of communes from 119 to 42. The change were approve by both the National Assembly of Burundi, National Assembly and the Senate (Burundi), Senate. The new territorial subdivisions will take effect with the 2025 parliamentary elections. The communes are listed below, by province: Bubanza Province, Bubanza # Commune of Bubanza # Commune of Gihanga # Commune of Musigati # Commune of Mpanda # Commune of Rugazi Bujumbura Mairie Province, B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of Switzerland
Municipalities (, ' or '; ; ; ) are the lowest level of administrative division in Switzerland. Each municipality is part of one of the Swiss cantons, which form the Swiss Confederation. In most cantons, municipalities are also part of districts or other sub-cantonal administrative divisions. There are 2,121 municipalities . Their populations range between several hundred thousand (Zürich), and a few dozen people ( Kammersrohr, Bister), and their territory between 0.32 km² ( Rivaz) and 439 km² (Scuol). History The beginnings of the modern municipality system date back to the Helvetic Republic. Under the Old Swiss Confederacy, citizenship was granted by each town and village to only residents. These citizens enjoyed access to community property and in some cases additional protection under the law. Additionally, the urban towns and the rural villages had differing rights and laws. The creation of a uniform Swiss citizenship, which applied equally for citizens of the old t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communes Of Chile
A commune (, ) is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile. It may contain cities, towns, villages, hamlets as well as rural areas. In highly populated areas, such as Santiago, Valparaíso and Concepción, a conurbation may be broken into several communes. In sparsely populated areas, conversely, a commune may cover a substantial rural area together with several settled areas which could range from hamlets to towns or cities. The term "commune" is ambiguous in English, but the word is commonly used in translation for "comuna", although with some controversy among translators. A comuna is similar to a "county" in Anglo-American usage and practice, and may be more universally understood as a "municipality". Each commune or municipality is governed by a directly elected body known as a municipal council (''concejo municipal'') consisting of a mayor (''alcalde'') and a group of councillors (''concejales''), for a period of four years. The communal civil service admin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
