''Inocybe'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom. The standard for the n ...

-forming

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

, with over 1,000 species. Its members are

mycorrhiza A mycorrhiza (; , mycorrhiza, or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's rhizosphere, the plant root system and its surroundings. Mycorrhizae play ...

l, and some evidence shows that the high degree of

speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within ...

is due to adaptation to different trees and possibly also local habitats.

Taxonomy

The genus was first described as ''Agaricus'' tribe ''Inocybe'' by Swedish scholar

Elias Magnus Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. He is sometimes called the Mycology, "Linnaeus of Mycology". In his works he described and assigned botanical names to hundreds of fungus and li ...

in volume 1 of his work, ''

Systema mycologicum Systema Mycologicum is a systematic classification of fungi drawn up in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Fries Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. He is some ...

'' (1821), and verified in the volume 2 of his book ''Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae'' in 1863. All other renaming attempts are accepted synonymous. Although originally placed in the family Cortinariaceae (later shown to be

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

analyses suggests that the genus is better placed as the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus (''genus typica'') is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearin ...

of the family

Inocybaceae The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales, the largest order of mushroom-forming fungi. It is one of the larger families within Agaricales (gilled mushrooms). This family exhibits an ectomycorrhizal ecology. Members of this ...

Sections or subgenera

Source: Two supersections are informally recognized: ''Cortinate'' supersection: The stipe is only pruinose at the apex or the upper half. The stipe base is (generally) not bulbous and a remnant of a cortina is present in the margin of the young cap. ''Marginate'' supersection: The stipe are entirely pruinose and has a bulbose base as general. Several genera are recognized within the family Inocybaceae: ''Inocybe'' This subgenus has pleurocystidia, usually thick-walled and in the apex has crystals. The basidiospores are smooth or angular-nodulose. The

basidia A basidium (: basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of reproductive bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the group. These bodies are also ...

is not necropigmented (basidia that become ochraceous and collapse). The hilar appendice is conspicuous. This subgenera is cosmopolitan and frequent in temperate ecosystems. ''

Auritella ''Auritella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Inocybaceae. The genus contains seven species found in temperate Australia and tropical Africa. The genus was circumscribed in a 2006 publication by Brandon Matheny and Neil Bougher. The original pu ...

'' This subgenus has no pleurocystidia and has necropigmented basidia. The spores are smooth and the hilar appendix is inconspicuous. Large cheilocystidia (>50 um). This is known from tropical Africa, Tropical, India and temperate Australia. ''

Inosperma ''Inosperma'' is a genus of gilled mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. Previously defined as a subgenus within the large genus ''Inocybe'' by Robert Kühner in 1980, these fungi were found to be more distantly related in a 2019 multigene phylogen ...

'' The fruiting bodies of this subgenus usually have a distinct odor (fruity, honey-like, fishy). The pileus is radially rimose ("''Rimosae''") or can be squamulose to squarrose ("''Cervicolores''"). The lamella has no pleurocystidia, but has cheilocystidia. Basidia necropigmented or not. The spores are smooth. In temperate areas. Wide distribution. ''Mallocybe'' The cap is usually woolly-squamulose, the cap surface is conspicuously darkening with alkali. The lamella broadly adnate to subdecurrent. The stipe is shorter and has not pleurocystidia. The basidia are necropigmented and there are also cheilocystidia as terminal elements. Spores smooth. Wide distribution ''Nothocybe'' The lamellae have no pleurocystidia but there are cheilocystidia. Spores smooth. Known from tropical India. ''Pseudosperma'' Fruitbodies have indistinct, spermatic or green corn odor. The pileus is radially

rimose ''Rimose'' is an adjective used to describe a surface that is cracked or fissured.Tubariomyces ''Tubariomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Inocybaceae The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales, the largest order of mushroom-forming fungi. It is one of the larger families within Agaricales (gilled mushrooms). ...

'' Small fruiting bodies with tubarioid or omphalinoid habit.

Decurrent ''Decurrent'' (sometimes decurring) is a term used in botany and mycology to describe plant or fungal parts that extend downward. In botany, the term is most often applied to leaf blades that partly wrap or have wings around the stem or petio ...

lamellae and cheilocystidia present. Spores smooth. Known from mediterranean and tropical Africa.

Sections based in morphology

The genus ''Inocybe'' is very species-rich. The genus is divided according to Bon (2005) into three subgenera with sections: *Subgenus: ''

'' (now a separate genus) - without crystal-bearing

cystidia A cystidium (: cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are o ...

** Section: '' Depauperatae'': wool-peeling surface ***''

Inocybe dulcamara ''Inocybe'' is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi, with over 1,000 species. Its members are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation is due to adaptation to different trees and possibly also local habitats. Taxono ...

'' ** Section: '' Cervicolores'': cap with wool-peeling cuticle, strong aroma (sperm like) ***'' Inocybe bongardii'' ** Section: '' Rimosae'': cap always radially fibrous and cracked ***''

Inocybe rimosa ''Inocybe rimosa'' (formerly known as ''Inocybe fastigiata''), commonly known as straw-colored fiber head, is a poisonous mushroom native to Europe. Its toxic ingredient is muscarine, discovered during the 1930s. Serious poisoning can result from ...

'' *** '' Inocybe erubescens'' * Subgenus: ''Inocibium'' - with thick-walled, crystal-bearing pleurocystidia. ** Section: '' Lactiferae'': red or even greenish, with an extreme odor ***'' Inocybe piriodora'' ***''Inocybe pudica'' ** Section: '' Lilacinae'': cap lilac, wool-peel surface, and scaly. Common. ***'' Inocybe oscura'' ***''Inocybe hystrix'' ***''Inocybe griseolilacin'' ** Section: '' Lacerae'': non- rimose stipe, no liliac shades. ***'' Inocybe lacera'' ** Section: '' Tardae'': stipe only bumpy at the top ***'' Inocybe geophylla'' ***''Inocybe flocculosa'' ***''Inocybe virgatula'' ** Section: '' Splendentes'': stipe rimed completely or two-thirds. ***'' Inocybe hirtella'' *Subgenus: ''Clypeus'' - spores tuberculate or star-shaped ** Section: '' Cortinatae'': stipe thin or bumped to the top ***''

Inocybe lanuginosa ''Inocybe'' is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi, with over 1,000 species. Its members are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation is due to adaptation to different trees and possibly also local habitats. Taxonomy ...

'' ** Section: '' Petiginosae '':full bumpy stipe without basl bulb ***'' Inocybe fibrosa'' ** Section: '' Marginatae'': stipe pruinose with basal bulb. Crimping ***'' Inocybe asterospora''

Species

It is estimated that there are about 1,050 species within ''Inocybe''. Representatives of the genus include: *'' Inocybe aeruginascens'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe coelestium'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina'' Quél. (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe corydalina var. erinaceomorpha'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe geophylla'' (toxic) *'' Inocybe haemacta'' (psychoactive) *'' Inocybe hystrix'' *'' Inocybe lacera'' *'' Inocybe tricolor'' (psychoactive)

Etymology

The name ''Inocybe'' means "fibrous hat". It is taken from the Greek words (in the genitive , meaning "muscle, nerve, fiber, strength, vigor") and ("head").

Description

Typical mushrooms of the genus have various shades of brown, although some lilac or purplish species exist.

Caps Caps are flat headgear. Caps or CAPS may also refer to: Science and technology Computing * CESG Assisted Products Service, provided by the U.K. Government Communications Headquarters * Composite Application Platform Suite, by Java Caps, a Java ...

are small and conical, though flattening somewhat in age, generally with a pronounced central umbo. The cap often appears fibrous, giving the genus its

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...

of "fiber caps". Many species have a distinctive odor, various described as musty or spermatic. Description valid for most species: * Pileus: small to medium size, thin, fleshy, initially narrow conical or bell-shaped, or with a prominent or flattened umbo in the center. It is not hygrophanous and has a dry appearance. The pileus margin often shows at first a pale curtain that disappears quickly, and in old age it often presents short radial cracks. The cuticle is finely silky and sometimes sprinkled with remnants of the partial veil, further developing radial fibers. There are also species with a woolly surface (woolly in mycological sense). Coloring is at first all white to gray-whitish varieties. Some retain color, others change, varying between ocher-yellowish and brown, various shapes, even lilac-like to purple. *

Lamellae Lamella (: lamellae) means a small plate or flake in Latin, and in English may refer to: Biology * Lamella (mycology), a papery rib beneath a mushroom cap * Lamella (botany) * Lamella (surface anatomy), a plate-like structure in an animal * Lame ...

: are dense, thick and crowded, with short intermediate sinus at the edge and only weakly attached to the stipe, almost free. Coloring is mainly white at the beginning, which becomes mature turns to gray-brown, ocher-brown or gray-olive. The edges are whitish. * Spores: they are brownish, tiny, normally oval to slightly ellipsoidal, often elongated in the form of almonds or beans (''Clypeus'' tuberculous or star-shaped subgenus), smooth, never verrucous and germ-free. Basidia are tetrasporic. Cystidia with or without crystalline crystals, spindle-shaped, convex in the middle and with a sharp point at the tip. * Stipe: it is thin, fibrous, cylindrical, more or less thickened and felt-white at the base, hollow inside. The surface is whitish, smooth, glossy, and often silky and slightly furfuraceous towards the apex of the stipe. It usually does not have a ring. * Context: white to slightly yellowish, oxidized or not to reddish when cutting, usually having a faint smell of green corn, chlorine or sperm. Commonly the flesh contains muscarine.

Neurotoxicity

Many ''Inocybe'' species contain large doses of

muscarine Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a Secondary metabolite, natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' species, such as the deadly ''Clitocybe dealbata, C. dealbata''. Mushrooms in the g ...

, and no easy method of distinguishing them from potentially edible species exists. In fact, ''Inocybe'' is the most commonly encountered mushroom genus for which microscopic characteristics are the only means of certain identification to the species level. While the vast majority of ''Inocybes'' are neurotoxic, several rare species of ''Inocybe'' are hallucinogenic, having been found to contain

indole alkaloids Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a Moiety (chemistry), structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids. Containing more than ...

Gallery

Hösel 23.07.2017 Inocybe dulcamara (36853299366).jpg, I. dulcamara (1) 2012-08-03 Inocybe terrigena (Fr.) Kühner 244877.jpg, I. terrigena (1) Inocybe bongardii 187337.jpg, I. bongardii (2) Inocybe calamistrata 63726.jpg, I. calamistrata (2) Inocybe cookei a1.JPG, I. cookei (3) 2010-04-27 Inocybe erubescens.jpg, I. erubescens (3) Inocybe jurana 350770.jpg, I. jurana (3) 2011-11-26 Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) P. Kumm 185170.jpg, I. rimosa (3) 2012-04-25 Inocybe fraudans (Britzelm.) Sacc 214752.jpg, I. fraudans (4) Inocybe godeyi 71610.jpg, I. godeyi (4) Inocybe whitei 275323.jpg, I. whitei (4) 2011-10-02 Inocybe hystrix (Fr.) Karsten 172120.jpg, I. hystrix (5) Inocybe griseolilacina 817948.jpg, I. griseolilacina (5) Inocybe obscura 20061015w.jpg, I. obscura (5) 2012-05-01 Inocybe abjecta P. Karst 216530.jpg, I. lacera (6) Inocybe flocculosa 440275.jpg, I. flocculosa (7) Inocybe geophylla, Medford.jpg, I. geophylla (7) Inocybe fuscidula 622736.jpg, I. virgatula (7) Inocybe hirtella 170926w.JPG, I. hirtella (8) Inocybe sindonia (Fr.) P. Karst 821102.jpg, I. sindonia (8) 2011-06-10 Inocybe assimilata Britzelm 150660.jpg, I. assimilata (9) Inocybe.lanuginosa3.-.lindsey.jpg, I. lanuginosa (9) Inocybe relicina 95610.jpg, I. relicina (9) Inocybe asterospora a1 (5).JPG, I. asterospora (10) Inocybe praetervisa 21502.jpg, I. praetervisa (10) Inocybe fibrosa 271882.jpg, I. fibrosa (11) 2013-10-19 Inocybe petiginosa (Fr.) Gillet 396906.jpg, I.petiginosa (11)

References

External links

''Inocybe'' Photos
(www.pilzepilze.de) * http://www.inocybe.org/ {{Authority control Poisonous fungi Agaricales genera Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries Neurotoxins