Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow
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The Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow was a
heavy bomber Heavy bombers are bomber aircraft capable of delivering the largest payload of air-to-ground weaponry (usually bombs) and longest range (takeoff to landing) of their era. Archetypal heavy bombers have therefore usually been among the larges ...
designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer
Handley Page Handley Page Limited was a British aerospace manufacturer. Founded by Frederick Handley Page (later Sir Frederick) in 1909, it was the United Kingdom's first publicly traded aircraft manufacturing company. It went into voluntary liquidation a ...
. It was operated by the
Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...
(RAF) and used during the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, although not as a bomber. The Harrow was developed during the 1930s as a derivative of the
Handley Page H.P.51 The Handley Page H.P.51 was a monoplane conversion of the earlier, unsuccessful biplane bomber-transport aircraft, the Handley Page H.P.43. The Air Ministry ordered the production variant off the drawing board as the Handley Page H.P.54 Harro ...
, an unsuccessful
monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing confi ...
bomber-transport hybrid. It was a twin-engine, high-wing
monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing confi ...
with a fixed
undercarriage Undercarriage is the part of a moving vehicle that is underneath the main body of the vehicle. The term originally applied to this part of a horse-drawn carriage, and usage has since broadened to include: *The landing gear of an aircraft. *The ch ...
. In 1935, the
Air Ministry The Air Ministry was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Royal Air Force, that existed from 1918 to 1964. It was under the political authority of the Secretary of State ...
wrote Specification B.29/35 around the Harrow proposal, seeking a 'stop-gap' heavy bomber to facilitate the expansion of the RAF's bomber squadrons. Handley Page updated the design with new features and along with structural changes to enable more rapid construction. Despite incorporating several modern features, including
hydraulically Hydraulics (from Greek language, Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is th ...
-powered turrets,
steam Steam is a substance containing water in the gas phase, and sometimes also an aerosol of liquid water droplets, or air. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization ...
-based cabin heating, and variable-pitch propellers, the performance of the Harrow did not match that of contemporary bombers such as the
Armstrong Whitworth Whitley The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley was a British medium bomber aircraft of the 1930s. It was one of three twin-engined, front line medium bomber types that were in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) at the outbreak of the Second World ...
. On 14 August 1936, the Air Ministry ordered one hundred Harrows for the RAF. While the
Fleet Air Arm The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy and is responsible for the delivery of naval air power both from land and at sea. The Fleet Air Arm operates the F-35 Lightning II for maritime strike, the AW159 Wil ...
also placed a separate order for one hundred Harrows, Handley Page did not have the capacity to produce these aircraft. On 13 January 1937, the first Harrow was delivered to No. 214 Squadron; by the end of that same year, all one hundred of the RAF-bound units had been delivered. By the end of 1939, the Harrow had been rapidly displaced as a frontline bomber, it was flown as a transport aircraft instead, which included its use as an
air ambulance Air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation, aeroplane or helicopter, to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes. Personnel provide comprehensive prehospital and emergency and cri ...
. It participated in several major actions, including an unorthodox defensive role for
The Blitz The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and originated from the term , the German word meaning 'lightning war'. The Germa ...
in the winter of 1940–1941 and
Operation Market Garden Operation Market Garden was an Allies of World War II, Allied military operation during the World War II, Second World War fought in the Netherlands from 17 to 27 September 1944. Its objective was to create a Salient (military), salient into G ...
in September 1944. Limited numbers served through to the conclusion of the conflict, the RAF withdrew the Harrow in May 1945.


Development


Background

The H.P. 54 Harrow was the production version of the earlier
Handley Page H.P.51 The Handley Page H.P.51 was a monoplane conversion of the earlier, unsuccessful biplane bomber-transport aircraft, the Handley Page H.P.43. The Air Ministry ordered the production variant off the drawing board as the Handley Page H.P.54 Harro ...
design, itself a monoplane conversion of the three-engined Handley Page H.P.43 biplane.Barnes 1987, pp. 347–351. The two monoplanes were designed by Dr.
Gustav Lachmann Gustav Victor Lachmann (3 February 1896 – 30 May 1966) was a German aeronautical engineer who spent most of his professional life working for the British aircraft company Handley Page. He was, with Frederick Handley Page, the co-inventor of the ...
. The aviation author C. H. Barnes observes that, despite rumours to the contrary, the development of the Harrow had nothing to do with Specification B.9/32, for a specialist
medium bomber A medium bomber is a military bomber Fixed-wing aircraft, aircraft designed to operate with medium-sized Aerial bomb, bombloads over medium Range (aeronautics), range distances; the name serves to distinguish this type from larger heavy bombe ...
; several features of the aircraft, such as its fixed
undercarriage Undercarriage is the part of a moving vehicle that is underneath the main body of the vehicle. The term originally applied to this part of a horse-drawn carriage, and usage has since broadened to include: *The landing gear of an aircraft. *The ch ...
and general construction, were incompatible with the requirements laid out. Instead, the aircraft had been developed for the
Air Ministry The Air Ministry was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Royal Air Force, that existed from 1918 to 1964. It was under the political authority of the Secretary of State ...
Specification C.26/31, which sought a new bomber-transport aircraft. Handley Page had intended to offer the preceding H.P.51, before opting for the H.P.54 at the last minute as it was viewed as a superior offering to fulfil the requirement.Barnes 1976, p. 372. Recognising that production of existing bombers, such as the
Armstrong Whitworth Whitley The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley was a British medium bomber aircraft of the 1930s. It was one of three twin-engined, front line medium bomber types that were in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) at the outbreak of the Second World ...
, or upcoming projects be reasonably accelerated, the Air Ministry came to recognise that additional types of aircraft would have to be procured if it was to keep pace with political pressures to equip the
Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...
, which was undergoing a period of rapid expansion and modernisation, including the growth of its bomber force, as the situation in Europe deteriorated. In June 1935, Specification B.29/35 was written around the Harrow as a 'stop-gap'; it was directed to be suitable for rapid production despite its performance not being equal to front-line peers. The use of the aircraft as bomber was emphasised by B.29/35 over that of its transport capability, although this was retained as a secondary role.Barnes 1976, pp. 372-373. To fulfil the specification, which sought the Harrow as a heavy bomber, the design had to be reworked, largely in terms of its structure. Several new features were introduced, including variable-pitch propellers,
steam boiler Steam is a substance containing water in the gas phase, and sometimes also an aerosol of liquid water droplets, or air. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. ...
s to heat the cabin and
hydraulically Hydraulics (from Greek language, Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is th ...
-powered turrets. Modern construction methods drawn from studies of American automotive factories were adopted, which included a sub-assembly flow system and priority being placed on a high standard of practical training.Barnes 1976, p. 373. On 14 August 1936, months before the first Harrow flew, the Air Ministry opted to place a production order for one hundred aircraft.Barnes 1987, p. 372. The
Fleet Air Arm The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy and is responsible for the delivery of naval air power both from land and at sea. The Fleet Air Arm operates the F-35 Lightning II for maritime strike, the AW159 Wil ...
also placed its own order for another hundred but Handley Page found that it lacked the production capacity to supply them. Quantity production of the Harrow commenced shortly after production of the
Handley Page Heyford The Handley Page Heyford was a twin-engine biplane bomber designed and produced by the British aircraft manufacturer Handley Page. It holds the distinction of being the last biplane heavy bomber to be operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). The ...
biplane came to an end.Barnes 1976, p. 374.


Into flight

On 10 October 1936, the first Harrow performed the type's
maiden flight The maiden flight, also known as first flight, of an aircraft is the first occasion on which it leaves the ground under its own power. The same term is also used for the first launch of rockets. The maiden flight of a new aircraft type is alwa ...
from
Radlett Radlett is a village in Hertfordshire, England, between Elstree and St Albans on Watling Street, with a population of 8,042. It is in the council district of Hertsmere in the south of the county, and is covered by two wards; Aldenham East and ...
. Service trials of the type commenced at
RAF Martlesham Heath Royal Air Force Martlesham Heath or more simply RAF Martlesham Heath is a former Royal Air Force station located southwest of Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. It was active between 1917 and 1963, and played an important role in the development of ...
twenty days later using this same aircraft. During January 1937, the second Harrow, which differed from the first by its fitting of the improved Bristol Pegasus XX
radial engine The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ca ...
, along with prototype Habbart-F.N. turrets, arrived for armament trials. In March 1937, following the forced landings of seven Heyfords in bad weather, it was ordered that improved navigator positions be adopted on all bombers wherever feasible, leading to urgent modifications being performed on all Harrows. To speed deliveries, and to allow time to get the hydraulically powered turrets working properly, early production units were delivered to training squadrons without their turrets. The Harrow was typically furnished with several defensive guns, including a powered nose and tail turrets as well as a manually operated dorsal turret. These positions had fixed cupolas that had the guns traverse on a slot; the hydraulic controls were linked with the
gun sight A sight is an aiming device used to assist in visually aligning ranged weapons, surveying instruments or optical illumination equipments with the intended target. Sights can be a simple set or system of physical markers that have to be aligne ...
, while the weight of the guns was balanced by the gunner. Bomb-airming was performed using the nose turret, which incorporated a flat optical panel.Barnes 1976, pp. 373-374. Early on, the nose and dorsal turrets were each armed with a Lewis gun, while the tail turret had two. In later service, these guns were typically replaced by
Vickers K machine gun The Vickers K machine gun, known as the Vickers Gas Operated (Vickers G.O.) or Gun, Machine, Vickers G.O. .303-inch in British service, was a rapid-firing machine gun developed and manufactured for use in aircraft by Vickers-Armstrongs. The hig ...
s. The Harrow could carry a maximum bomb load of , which was stowed in a bay directly underneath the floor of the cabin; it was also capable of carrying a bomb.Lumsden and Heffernan ''Aeroplane Monthly'' January 1986, pp. 4–7. The majority of Harrows were powered by a pair of Bristol Pegasus XX
radial engine The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ca ...
s, capable of producing up to .


Operational history

On 13 January 1937, the first Harrow was delivered to 214 Squadron at
RAF Scampton Royal Air Force Scampton or RAF Scampton is a Royal Air Force station located adjacent to the A15 road near to the village of Scampton, Lincolnshire, and north-west of the city of Lincoln, England. RAF Scampton stands on the site of a First ...
. Early examples, powered by the Bristol Pegasus X engine, were called Harrow Mk.I, while those powered by the more powerful Pegasus XX engine were named Harrow Mk.II. By the end of 1937, all one hundred aircraft had been delivered to a total of five RAF bomber squadrons.Barnes 1976, pp. 374-375. Despite the presence of cabin heating, which used the exhaust head of onboard steam boilers, the Harrow gained a reputation amongst air crews of being a cold and draughty aircraft, which was largely attributed to the design of its turrets.Mason 1994, pp. 301–302. As the delivery of more modern bombers, such as the
Vickers Wellington The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber. It was designed during the mid-1930s at Brooklands in Weybridge, Surrey. Led by Vickers-Armstrongs' chief designer Rex Pierson; a key feature of the aircraft is its g ...
proceeded, the Harrow was withdrawn from front line bomber squadrons by the end of 1939, having never performed any combat missions in this capacity. Perhaps its most prominent use during this brief period was a series of public formation flights performed over various British cities to mark
Empire Air Day Empire Air Day was an annual air show open to the public held at Royal Air Force stations in the United Kingdom in the 1930s. According to a speech on by Anthony Muirhead in the House of Commons recorded in ''Hansard'', "The idea of Empire Air Day ...
in May 1938; the Harrow was also put on stand-by during the
Munich Crisis The Munich Agreement ( cs, Mnichovská dohoda; sk, Mníchovská dohoda; german: Münchner Abkommen) was an agreement concluded at Munich on 30 September 1938, by Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. It provided "cession to Germany ...
of 1938.Barnes 1976, p. 375. Although relegated as a night bomber, the Harrow operated throughout the Second World War as a transport and trainer.Barnes 1976, pp. 378-379. On 1 May 1940, 271 Squadron was formed with a mixture of Harrows,
Bristol Bombay The Bristol Bombay was a British troop transport aircraft adaptable for use as a medium bomber flown by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. Design and development The Bristol Bombay was built to Air Ministry Specification ...
s and an assortment of impressed civil aircraft.Thetford 1957, pp. 248–249. While the other aircraft equipping 271 Squadron were replaced by Douglas Dakotas, it retained a flight of Harrows (sometimes nicknamed "Sparrows" due to their new nose fairings to give a more streamlined fuselage) as transports and ambulance aircraft until
VE Day Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces on Tuesday, 8 May 1945, marking the official end of World War II in Europe in the Easter ...
. As a transport, the Harrow was routinely used to convey equipment and personnel between domestic military bases across Britain, as well as to continental airfields prior to the
Fall of France The Battle of France (french: bataille de France) (10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign ('), the French Campaign (german: Frankreichfeldzug, ) and the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France during the Second World ...
.Barnes 1976, p. 378. It also occasionally undertook risky flights between England and
Gibraltar ) , anthem = " God Save the King" , song = " Gibraltar Anthem" , image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg , map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe , map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green , mapsize = , image_map2 = Gib ...
; two aircraft were recorded as having been lost on this route. Harrows also operated in support of Allied forces in their advance into north-west Europe, evacuating wounded from the Arnhem operation during September 1944.Mondey 1994, pp. 125–126. Seven Harrows were destroyed by a low level attack by ''
Luftwaffe The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German ''Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabtei ...
'' fighters of
JG 26 ''Jagdgeschwader'' 26 (JG 26) ''Schlageter'' was a German fighter-wing of World War II. It was named after Albert Leo Schlageter, a World War I veteran, Freikorps member, and posthumous Nazi martyr, arrested and executed by the French for ...
and
JG 54 ''Jagdgeschwader'' 54 (JG 54) was a Luftwaffe fighter wing during the Second World War. JG 54 flew most of its missions on the Eastern Front where it claimed more than 9,600 aircraft shot down. It was the second-highest scoring wing in the Luftw ...
on
Evere Evere (, ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region (Belgium). On 1 January 2006, the municipality had a total population of 33,462. The total area is which gives a population density of . In common with all of Brussels' mu ...
airfield as part of
Unternehmen Bodenplatte Operation Bodenplatte (; "Baseplate"), launched on 1 January 1945, was an attempt by the Luftwaffe to cripple Allies of World War II, Allied air forces in the Low Countries during the World War II, Second World War. The goal of ''Bodenplatte'' ...
, the German attack on Allied airfields in north-west Europe, on 1 January 1945, leaving only five Harrows intact. These were retired on 25 May 1945. The Harrow also served in a novel operational role at the height of
The Blitz The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and originated from the term , the German word meaning 'lightning war'. The Germa ...
against Britain in the winter of 1940–1941. Six Harrows equipped 420 Flight (later 93 Squadron) which used lone Harrows to tow Long Aerial Mines (LAM) into the path of German bombers.Barnes 1976, p. 379. The LAM had an explosive charge on the end of a long cable and the unorthodox tactic was credited with the destruction of between four and six German bombers. The experiment was judged of poor value and the planned deployment of
Douglas Havoc The Douglas A-20 Havoc (company designation DB-7) is an American medium bomber, attack aircraft, night intruder, night fighter, and reconnaissance aircraft of World War II. Designed to meet an Army Air Corps requirement for a bomber, it was or ...
s in the LAM role was cancelled. Seven Harrows were also used by
782 Naval Air Squadron 782 Naval Air Squadron (782 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It initially formed in November 1939 as an Armament Training Squadron but disbanded in December to provide personnel for 774 Naval Air Squadron. In Dece ...
of the Fleet Air Arm as transports from June 1941 to July 1943, being used to carry engines and spare parts as well as passengers.Sturtivant and Ballance 1994, pp. 104–105 The Harrow was used as an aerial tanker for
aerial refuelling Aerial refueling, also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) while both aircraft a ...
. During the late 1930s, three Harrows were modified by Flight Refuelling Limited, which installed the refuelling apparatus along with additional fuel tanks, after which the company conducted a series of trials. Proving to be sufficiently capable, these aircraft were routinely used to refuel
Short Empire The Short Empire was a medium-range four-engined monoplane flying boat, designed and developed by Short Brothers during the 1930s to meet the requirements of the growing commercial airline sector, with a particular emphasis upon its usefulness ...
Flying boat A flying boat is a type of fixed-winged seaplane with a hull, allowing it to land on water. It differs from a floatplane in that a flying boat's fuselage is purpose-designed for floatation and contains a hull, while floatplanes rely on fusela ...
s, enabling them to conduct the long-distance flights needed for
transatlantic Transatlantic, Trans-Atlantic or TransAtlantic may refer to: Film * Transatlantic Pictures, a film production company from 1948 to 1950 * Transatlantic Enterprises, an American production company in the late 1970s * ''Transatlantic'' (1931 film), ...
services. For this purpose, two Harrows were stationed at
Gander, Newfoundland Gander is a town located in the northeastern part of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, approximately south of Gander Bay, south of Twillingate and east of Grand Falls-Windsor. Located on the no ...
while the third was based at Foynes, Ireland. During 1940, the two aircraft based at Gander were pressed into service with the
Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; french: Aviation royale canadienne, ARC) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environm ...
.Barnes 1976, p. 376.


Variants

;Harrow Mk.I :Powered by two 830 hp (620 kW) Bristol Pegasus X engines, 19 built. ;Harrow Mk.II :Powered by two 925 hp (690 kW) Pegasus XX engines, 81 built.


Operators

; *
Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; french: Aviation royale canadienne, ARC) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environm ...
; *
Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...
** No. 37 Squadron – 1937–1939 at
RAF Feltwell Royal Air Force Feltwell or more simply RAF Feltwell is a Royal Air Force station in Norfolk, East Anglia that is used by the United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa. The station is located about 10 miles west of Thetford, and i ...
** No. 75 Squadron – 1937–1939 at
RAF Driffield Royal Air Force Driffield or RAF Driffield is a former Royal Air Force station in the East Riding of Yorkshire, in England. It lies about south-west of Driffield and north-west of Beverley. It is now operated by the Defence Infrastructure Orga ...
and later
RAF Honington Royal Air Force Honington or more simply RAF Honington is a Royal Air Force station located south of Thetford near Ixworth in Suffolk, England. Although used as a bomber station during the Second World War, RAF Honington is now the RAF Regim ...
** No. 93 Squadron – 1940–1941 at
RAF Middle Wallop Middle Wallop is a village in the civil parish of Nether Wallop in Hampshire, England, on the A343 road. At the 2011 Census the population was included in the civil parish of Over Wallop. The village has a public house, The George Inn, and a pet ...
(aerial mine role)Jefford 1988, p. 37. ** No. 115 Squadron – 1937–1939 at
RAF Marham RAF Marham is a Royal Air Force station and military airbase near the village of Marham in the English county of Norfolk, East Anglia. It is home to No. 138 Expeditionary Air Wing (138 EAW) and, as such, is one of the RAF's "Main Operating ...
Jefford 1988, p. 52. ** No. 214 Squadron – 1937–1939 at
RAF Scampton Royal Air Force Scampton or RAF Scampton is a Royal Air Force station located adjacent to the A15 road near to the village of Scampton, Lincolnshire, and north-west of the city of Lincoln, England. RAF Scampton stands on the site of a First ...
later RAF FeltwellJefford 1988, p. 71. ** No. 215 Squadron – 1937–1939 at RAF Driffield and later RAF Honington ** No. 271 Squadron – 1940–1945 at
RAF Doncaster Royal Air Force Doncaster or more simply RAF Doncaster, also referred to as Doncaster Aerodrome, is a former Royal Air Force station near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England. The first Aviation meeting in England In 1909, Doncaster and specif ...
later
RAF Down Ampney Royal Air Force Down Ampney or more simply RAF Down Ampney is a former Royal Air Force station located north east of Cricklade, Wiltshire and south west of RAF Fairford, Gloucestershire. The airfield operated during the Second World War from F ...
(transport role)Jefford 1988, p. 82. ** No. 420 Flight – became 93 Squadron ** No. 1680 Flight – became 271 Squadron *
Fleet Air Arm The Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy and is responsible for the delivery of naval air power both from land and at sea. The Fleet Air Arm operates the F-35 Lightning II for maritime strike, the AW159 Wil ...
**
782 Naval Air Squadron 782 Naval Air Squadron (782 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It initially formed in November 1939 as an Armament Training Squadron but disbanded in December to provide personnel for 774 Naval Air Squadron. In Dece ...
* Flight Refuelling Limited


Specifications (Harrow II)


See also


References


Citations


Bibliography

* Barnes, C. H. ''Handley Page Aircraft since 1907.'' London: Putnam, 1976. . * Barnes, C. H. ''Handley Page Aircraft since 1907''. London: Putnam Publishing, 1987. . * Clayton, Donald C. ''Handley Page, an Aircraft Album''. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. . * * Jefford, C. G. ''RAF Squadrons''. first edition 1988, Airlife Publishing, UK. . * Lewis, Peter. ''The British Bomber since 1914''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1980. . * Lumsden, Alec and Terry Heffernan. "Probe Probare No. 20: Handley Page Harrow". ''
Aeroplane Monthly ''Aeroplane'' (formerly ''Aeroplane Monthly'') is a British magazine devoted to aviation, with a focus on aviation history and preservation. __TOC__ ''The Aeroplane'' The weekly ''The Aeroplane'' launched in June 1911 under founding edito ...
'', Vol. 14, No. 1, January 1986. pp. 4–7. . * Mason, Francis K. ''The British Bomber since 1914''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. . * Mondey, David. ''The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994. . * Price, Alfred. "The Long Aerial Mine: Failure or Unrealised Potential?" ''
Air Enthusiast ''Air Enthusiast'' was a British, bi-monthly, aviation magazine, published by the Key Publishing group. Initially begun in 1974 as ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', the magazine was conceived as a historical adjunct to '' Air International'' maga ...
'', No. 6, March–June 1978. pp. 151–153. * Sturtivant, Ray and Ballance, Theo. ''The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm''. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1994. . * Sturtivant, Ray and Burrow, Mick. ''Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945''. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1995. . * Thetford, Owen. ''Aircraft of the Royal Air Force, 1918–57''. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1957. OCLC 3875235


External links


Bomber Command Aircraft
{{Handley Page aircraft 1930s British bomber aircraft H.P.054 Harrow High-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1936 Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft